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* Hide all application windows and show the desktop
* Manage application windows across multiple monitors
* Manage application windows across multiple [[virtual desktop]]s
== Background ==
Mission Control was introduced in [[Mac OS X 10.7 Lion]] as part of Apple’s efforts to unify window management. The goal was to combine the features of [[Exposé (macOS)|Exposé]], [[Spaces (software)|Spaces]], and [[Dashboard (macOS)|Dashboard]] into a single user interface, reflecting a shift toward gesture-driven multitasking and full-screen apps. The feature was first demonstrated publicly at the [[Worldwide Developers Conference]] (WWDC) in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apple Previews Mac OS X Lion |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2011/06/06Apple-Previews-Mac-OS-X-Lion/ |website=Apple Newsroom |date=2011-06-06 |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
== Features ==
Mission Control provides an overview of all open windows, [[virtual desktop]]s (Spaces), and full-screen applications. Users can interactively move windows between desktops, access the desktop, or enter full-screen mode using gestures or shortcuts. It supports multi-display setups and customizable hot corners.<ref>{{cite web |title=macOS: Use Mission Control on your Mac |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204100 |website=Apple Support |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
== Usage ==
Exposé and Mission Control include three separate features for organizing windows and open applications:
Mission Control includes three primary features to help users organize open windows and navigate macOS efficiently. These can be activated through keyboard shortcuts, gestures, or hot corners configured in [[System Settings]].<ref>{{cite web |title=macOS: Use Mission Control on your Mac |url=https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204100 |website=Apple Support |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
;All windows :Shows all open and unhidden windows, and all [[virtual desktop]]s, shrinking their appearance so they all fit on a single screen. On newer Mac keyboards, this is activated from the F3 key, or F9 on older keyboards. On Apple's [[Magic Mouse]] or multi-touch [[trackpad]]s, this can be activated by pulling up on the trackpad with three or four fingers. Mission Control redesigned this feature extensively to show all running desktops.
=== All windows ===
;Application windows : Also called 'App Exposé'. Shows all open and minimized windows for the currently active application. During this mode, the user can choose a window to switch to by using mouse or keyboard, or cycle through windows of different applications by pressing the tab key. This can be activated by pulling down with three or four fingers on a trackpad, the F10 key on older keyboards, by pressing Control + [[function key|F3]] on newer Apple aluminium and MacBook keyboards, or by right-clicking the app's icon on the dock and selecting 'Show all windows'. On [[OS X Snow Leopard]], App Exposé can be activated by clicking and holding the application's icon in the dock.
Displays all open and unhidden windows and [[virtual desktop]]s, shrinking them to fit on a single screen. Activated by the F3 key on newer Mac keyboards (F9 on older ones), or by swiping upward with three or four fingers on a [[trackpad]]. On [[Magic Mouse]] devices, it can be triggered by double-tapping with two fingers. This view allows the user to click on any window to bring it to the foreground.<ref>{{cite book |last=Pogue |first=David |title=OS X Lion: The Missing Manual |publisher=O'Reilly Media |year=2011 |pages=175–177 |isbn=9781449397494}}</ref>
;Desktop : Moves all windows off the screen, with just the edges of the windows visible at the side of the screen, giving the user clear access to the [[Desktop environment|desktop]] and any icons on it. This can be activated by pressing [[command key|Command]] [[function key|F3]] on newer Apple aluminum and Macbook keyboards, the F11 key on older keyboards. On a trackpad, it can be selected by placing four fingers on the trackpad and pulling them away from each other.
In the first two cases, after Mission Control is activated, the user can select any window by [[point-and-click|clicking]] on it or selecting it with arrow keys and pressing ''Enter''. Exposé then deactivates, leaving the selected window in the foreground. Using [[Apple Mighty Mouse]], it is possible to select a window using the Scroll Ball, by scrolling in the direction of that window.
=== Application windows (App Exposé) ===
Shows only the windows of the currently active application, including minimized ones. Users can switch between windows by clicking or using arrow keys. This can be activated by:
* Swiping downward with three or four fingers on a trackpad
* Pressing F10 (older keyboards)
* Pressing Control + F3 on newer Apple keyboards
* Right-clicking the app's Dock icon and selecting "Show All Windows"
* Holding the app icon in the Dock in [[OS X Snow Leopard]]<ref>{{cite web |title=What is App Exposé in macOS? |url=https://www.macobserver.com/tips/quick-tip/app-expose-macos/ |website=The Mac Observer |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
The keyboard shortcuts used for activating Exposé can be customized to be any of the function keys, the shift, control, option or command key, the [[fn key]] on Mac laptops, or even a mouse button on multiple-button [[Mouse (computing)|mice]] (including Apple Mighty Mouse).
=== Desktop view (Show Desktop) ===
Moves all windows offscreen, showing the [[Desktop environment|desktop]] and its icons. Activated by:
* Pressing Command + F3 on newer Apple keyboards
* Pressing F11 on older keyboards
* Spreading four fingers apart on a trackpad<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Use Mission Control in macOS |url=https://www.lifewire.com/how-to-use-mission-control-2260919 |website=Lifewire |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
Different features of Mission Control can also be activated by moving the mouse to a [[screen hotspot|'hot corner']] of the desktop. This system is off by default; it can be enabled from [[System Settings]].
=== Interaction and shortcuts ===
After Mission Control is activated, users can select a window by clicking or pressing Enter. Some Mac input devices, such as the [[Apple Mighty Mouse]], allow selecting windows by scrolling in the direction of the window using the Scroll Ball.<ref>{{cite web |title=Expose in Mac OS X |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1041253/expose101.html |website=Macworld |date=2005-01-10 |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
Mission Control shortcuts are customizable: users can assign them to function keys, modifier keys (Shift, Control, Option, Command), the [[fn key]], or mouse buttons.
Additionally, different features can be assigned to screen corners (hot corners), enabling quick access by moving the cursor to that ___location. This must be enabled manually in [[System Settings]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Set up hot corners in Mission Control |url=https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/use-hot-corners-mchlp2591/mac |website=Apple Support |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
== Development and design goals ==
The introduction of Mission Control coincided with Apple's shift toward unifying user interfaces across devices. The growing popularity of full-screen apps, multi-touch [[gestures]], and the need for simpler workspace control motivated the redesign. Mission Control prioritized visual clarity and touch-friendly interaction over detailed window labels or grid previews from earlier versions.<ref>{{cite book |title=OS X Lion: The Missing Manual |author=David Pogue |publisher=O'Reilly |year=2011 |isbn=9781449397494}}</ref>
== Changes in Mission Control ==
In [[macOS Catalina]], [[Dashboard (macOS)|Dashboard]] has been discontinued, therefore removing Dashboard from view permanently (if it was previously activated) in Mission Control.
== Reception ==
Mission Control was praised for simplifying multitasking on macOS, particularly for users of [[MacBook]]s with multi-touch trackpads. However, early versions were criticized for forcing window grouping by application and omitting certain features from Exposé, such as labeled windows and a grid layout. [[Macworld]] and other reviewers noted a loss in functionality for power users.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1159890/missioncontrol.html |title=Hands-on with Mission Control |date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Macworld}}</ref>
== Undocumented features ==
Another undocumented feature of Exposé was for the show desktop function. It placed all the open windows in a small box on the screen that can be moved to anywhere on the screen.<ref>[http://www.macosxhints.com/article.php?story=20031028081746219] Tutorial at macosxhints.com</ref> This function had some bugs, such as after exiting the show desktop mode, the foremost window will not have a shadow and the user will not be able to move the window. However, this was easily fixed by using the show all function. It also had another bug that causes an area of screen the width of the minimised preview to become unresponsive to mouse clicks requiring the windowserver to be restarted.
==Mission control evolution==
Using the [[Shift key]], Mission Control can be activated in [[slow motion]], as can [[Dashboard (macOS)|Dashboard]] and the [[Aqua (user interface)#Animation|minimise]] effect and several other animations. This is the same effect that was demonstrated by [[Steve Jobs]] during the unveiling of Exposé during the 2003 Worldwide Developers Conference.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktTNcj0fAM4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/ktTNcj0fAM4| archive-date=2021-12-12 |url-status=live| title=OS X Panther - Expose | work=YouTube | date=September 7, 2007 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=OS X Lion: The Missing Manual | publisher=[[O'Reilly Media]] | author=Pogue, David | author-link=David Pogue | year=2011 | pages=176 | isbn=9781449397494}}</ref>
In [[macOS Big Sur]], Mission Control received visual updates aligned with the system's new design language, including refreshed icons and animations.<ref>{{cite web |title=macOS Big Sur Preview |url=https://www.apple.com/macos/big-sur-preview/ |website=Apple.com |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> [[macOS Ventura]] introduced [[Stage Manager (macOS)]], a new multitasking feature that complements Mission Control but has a different workflow.<ref>{{cite web |title=macOS Ventura Preview |url=https://www.apple.com/macos/ventura-preview/ |website=Apple.com |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref> Mission Control remains available and functional in parallel. In [[macOS Sequoia]], released in 2024, Mission Control added smoother transitions between Spaces and enhanced support for Apple Silicon Macs with multiple displays.<ref>{{cite web |title=What’s new in macOS Sequoia |url=https://www.apple.com/macos/sequoia-preview/ |website=Apple.com |access-date=2025-06-16}}</ref>
== Similar alternatives on other Operating Systems ==
* [[Dashboard (macOS)]]
* [[Taskbar]]
* [[Stage Manager (macOS)]]
* [[Zooming user interface]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Ars |date=2008-10-28 |title=First look at Windows 7's User Interface |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/10/first-look-at-windows-7/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>{{macOS}}
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:User interface techniques]]
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