Dynamic torque sensor: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 14:17, 10 July 2025

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A dynamic torque sensor is an electronic measurement device used to measure and record [[torque]] variations in rotating or dynamically moving [[mechanical systems]]<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US8752439B2|title=Dynamic torque sensing system|gdate=2014-06-17|invent1=HYTE|inventor1-first=JEFFREY Alan|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8752439B2/en}}</ref>. As compared to static torque sensors, which measure torque when the object is stationary, dynamic torque sensors specifically measure rapid fluctuations in torque<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mateev |first=Valentin |last2=Marinova |first2=Iliana |title=Magnetic Elastomer Sensor for Dynamic Torque |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097051/ |journal=2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097051}}</ref>. Thus, they provide valuable insights into real-time mechanical performance<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karki |first=Dipesh |last2=Dura |first2=Hari Bahadur |last3=Poudel |first3=Laxman |date=2023-12-30 |title=Design, construction and performance analysis of dynamic torque transducer |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jiee/article/view/43809 |journal=Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=118–123 |doi=10.3126/jiee.v6i1.43809 |issn=2594-343X}}</ref>.

These sensors are crucial where precise control and monitoring of torque are required.  They play a major role in operational safety<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Rocksana N. |last2=Akram |first2=Muhammad |last3=Iqbal |first3=Sajid |last4=Bilal |first4=Muhammad |title=Design and Analysis of Joint Torque Sensor for Safe Human-Robotic Collaboration |url=https://index.ieomsociety.org/index.cfm/article/view/ID/5340 |journal=4th European International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management |language=en |publisher=IEOM Society |volume=11 |doi=10.46254/EU04.20210030 |isbn=978-1-7923-6127-2}}</ref>. Therefore, aiding engineers and technicians in determining the [[efficiency]] of mechanical components such as [[Synchronous motor|motors]], [[Drive shaft|drive shafts]], and rotating equipment.

Dynamic torque sensor uses principles such as [[strain gauge]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Xuezhu |last2=Cui |first2=Long |last3=Li |first3=Hongyi |last4=Wang |first4=Yuechao |title=Development and optimization of the build-in torque sensor for harmonic drive |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7419029/ |journal=2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) |pages=1774–1779 |doi=10.1109/ROBIO.2015.7419029}}</ref> technology, [[Inverse magnetostrictive effect|magnetoelastic effects]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mateev |first=Valentin |last2=Marinova |first2=Iliana |title=Magnetic Elastomer Sensor for Dynamic Torque |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097051/ |journal=2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097051}}</ref>, [[optical sensing]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adwant |first=Mrs A. V. |last2=Singh |first2=Dr Manpreet |last3=Deshmukh |first3=Dr Suhas |last4=Singh |first4=Dr Vijay Kumar |date=2023-08-10 |title=Development Of An Optical Torque Sensor And Examining Torque-Vibration Correspondence |url=https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/3952 |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture |language=en |volume=35 |pages=2242–2254 |doi=10.59670/jns.v35i.3952 |issn=2197-5523}}</ref>, or [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric effects]]<ref name=":3">Hammond, J. M., & Lec, R. M. (1998, May). A non-contact piezoelectric torque sensor. In ''Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (Cat. No. 98CH36165)'' (pp. 715-723). IEEE.</ref>. These aid in non-contact measurement<ref name=":3" /> hence, serving various industrial requirements.

Dynamic torque sensor uses principles such as [[strain gauge]] technology, [[Inverse magnetostrictive effect|magnetoelastic effects]], [[optical sensing]], or [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric effects]]. These aid in non-contact measurement hence, serving various industrial requirements.

The machinery is increasingly getting complex and the demand for higher accuracy and performance is also increasing. Therefore, this has broadened the role of dynamic torque sensors across various sectors. This includes [[Automotive industry|automotive]]<ref>Brusamarello, V., Balbinot, A., Gertz, L. C., & Cerviéri, A. (2010, May). Dynamic torque measurement for automotive application. In ''2010 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings'' (pp. 1358-1362). IEEE.</ref>, [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]]<ref>Lee, T. H., Low, T. S., Tseng, K. J., & Lim, H. K. (2004). An intelligent indirect dynamic torque sensor for permanent magnet brushless DC drives. ''IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics'', ''41''(2), 191-200.</ref>, [[renewable energy]]<ref>Kang, H. S., & Meneveau, C. (2010). Direct mechanical torque sensor for model wind turbines. ''Measurement Science and Technology'', ''21''(10), 105206.</ref><ref>Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Qiao, W., & Qu, L. (2015). A discrete-time direct torque control for direct-drive PMSG-based wind energy conversion systems. ''IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications'', ''51''(4), 3504-3514.</ref>, [[industrial automation]]<ref>Beck, J. (2021, April). Torque sensors for high volume production applications. In ''CTI SYMPOSIUM 2019: 18th International Congress and Expo 9-12 December 2019, Berlin, Germany'' (pp. 17-24). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.</ref>, and [[robotics]]<ref>Palli, G. I. A. N. L. U. C. A., & Pirozzi, S. (2013). An optical torque sensor for robotic applications. ''International Journal of Optomechatronics'', ''7''(4), 263-282.</ref><ref>Tsetserukou, D., & Tachi, S. (2008). Torque sensors for robot joint control. ''Sensors, Focus on Tactile, Force and Stress Sensors'', 15-36.</ref><ref>Li, Z., Li, X., Lin, J., Pang, Y., Yang, D., Zhong, L., & Guo, J. (2023). Design and application of multidimensional force/torque sensors in surgical robots: A review. ''IEEE Sensors Journal'', ''23''(12), 12441-12454.</ref>. Use of dynamic sensors in these sectors is improving efficiency and safety of mechanical systems for manufacturers and users.

== Working principle ==

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=== Strain gauge technology ===

This principle causes strain gauges to [[Deformation (engineering)|deform]] when torque is applied. This results in changes in [[Electrical resistance and conductance|electrical resistance]] proportional to the torque. These sensors provide high accuracy, their reliability and simple integration results in their wide usage<ref name=":0" />.

=== Magnetoelastic Effects ===

These sensors use changes in [[Magnetic field|magnetic]] properties when stress by torque is given. The magnetoelastic principle enables non-contact torque measurement thus sensor lifespan and performance in harsh environments are raised<ref name=":1" />.

=== Optical Sensing ===

Optical torque sensor utilizes light-based techniques namely [[interferometry]] or [[Phase (waves)|phase shift]] measurements to detect torque. They provide high sensitivity, immunity to [[electromagnetic interference]], and minimal mechanical interference<ref name=":2" />.

=== Piezoelectric Effects ===

With use of [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric crystals]], when mechanical stress is applied these sensors create an [[electric charge]], thus capturing high-[[frequency]] dynamic torque events<ref name=":3" />.

== Types of dynamic torque sensor ==