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Dynamic torque sensor uses principles such as [[strain gauge]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Xuezhu |last2=Cui |first2=Long |last3=Li |first3=Hongyi |last4=Wang |first4=Yuechao |title=Development and optimization of the build-in torque sensor for harmonic drive |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7419029/ |journal=2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) |pages=1774–1779 |doi=10.1109/ROBIO.2015.7419029}}</ref> technology, [[Inverse magnetostrictive effect|magnetoelastic effects]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mateev |first=Valentin |last2=Marinova |first2=Iliana |title=Magnetic Elastomer Sensor for Dynamic Torque |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097051/ |journal=2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097051}}</ref>, [[optical sensing]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adwant |first=Mrs A. V. |last2=Singh |first2=Dr Manpreet |last3=Deshmukh |first3=Dr Suhas |last4=Singh |first4=Dr Vijay Kumar |date=2023-08-10 |title=Development Of An Optical Torque Sensor And Examining Torque-Vibration Correspondence |url=https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/3952 |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture |language=en |volume=35 |pages=2242–2254 |doi=10.59670/jns.v35i.3952 |issn=2197-5523}}</ref>, or [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric effects]]<ref name=":3">Hammond, J. M., & Lec, R. M. (1998, May). A non-contact piezoelectric torque sensor. In ''Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (Cat. No. 98CH36165)'' (pp. 715-723). IEEE.</ref>. These aid in non-contact measurement<ref name=":3" /> hence, serving various industrial requirements.
The machinery is increasingly getting complex and the demand for higher accuracy and performance is also increasing. Therefore, this has broadened the role of dynamic torque sensors across various sectors. This includes [[Automotive industry|automotive]]<ref>Brusamarello, V., Balbinot, A., Gertz, L. C., & Cerviéri, A. (2010, May). Dynamic torque measurement for automotive application. In ''2010 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings'' (pp. 1358-1362). IEEE.</ref>, [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]]<ref name=":4">Lee, T. H., Low, T. S., Tseng, K. J., & Lim, H. K. (2004). An intelligent indirect dynamic torque sensor for permanent magnet brushless DC drives. ''IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics'', ''41''(2), 191-200.</ref>, [[renewable energy]]<ref name=":5">Kang, H. S., & Meneveau, C. (2010). Direct mechanical torque sensor for model wind turbines. ''Measurement Science and Technology'', ''21''(10), 105206.</ref><ref name=":6">Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Qiao, W., & Qu, L. (2015). A discrete-time direct torque control for direct-drive PMSG-based wind energy conversion systems. ''IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications'', ''51''(4), 3504-3514.</ref>, [[industrial automation]]<ref>Beck, J. (2021, April). Torque sensors for high volume production applications. In ''CTI SYMPOSIUM 2019: 18th International Congress and Expo 9-12 December 2019, Berlin, Germany'' (pp. 17-24). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.</ref>, and [[robotics]]<ref>Palli, G. I. A. N. L. U. C. A., & Pirozzi, S. (2013). An optical torque sensor for robotic applications. ''International Journal of Optomechatronics'', ''7''(4), 263-282.</ref><ref name=":7">Tsetserukou, D., & Tachi, S. (2008). Torque sensors for robot joint control. ''Sensors, Focus on Tactile, Force and Stress Sensors'', 15-36.</ref><ref name=":8">Li, Z., Li, X., Lin, J., Pang, Y., Yang, D., Zhong, L., & Guo, J. (2023). Design and application of multidimensional force/torque sensors in surgical robots: A review. ''IEEE Sensors Journal'', ''23''(12), 12441-12454.</ref>. Use of dynamic sensors in these sectors is improving efficiency and safety of mechanical systems for manufacturers and users.
== Working principle ==
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Dynamic torque sensor can be classified according to their sensing technology and application.
Firstly, Rotary torque sensors<ref>Morsy, W. (2024). Fabrication of a rotating shaft torque sensor for power data determination of rotary farm implements. ''Alexandria Journal of Soil and Water Sciences'', ''8''(1), 49-56.</ref> measure torque on rotating shafts. They use strain gauges or magnetoelastic technology and are used in engines, [[gearboxes]], and [[Drive shaft|drive shafts]].
Secondly, Non-contact torque sensors<ref>Zhang, C., Li, Z., Chen, J., Qiu, F., & Na, S. (2021). Design and research of a novel non-contact vertical inductive torque sensor. ''Measurement'', ''177'', 109252.</ref> measure torque without physical contact. They use magnetoelastic or optical techniques thus reducing [[wear]] and maintenance requirements. They are especially helpful in harsh or high-speed environments.
Lastly, Reaction torque sensors<ref>Muftah, M. H., Haris, S. M., Petroczki, K., & Khidir, E. A. (2013). An improved strain gauge-based dynamic torque measurement method. ''International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing'', ''7''(1), 66-73.</ref> use strain gauge technology and are engineered to measure torque without rotation. They are used in torque [[Test bench|testing benches]] and component validation setups.
== Applications ==
Dynamic torque sensors are used in various industries due to their precision and reliability. They are used in Automotive Industry where [[engine]] and [[Transmission (mechanical device)|transmission]] testing<ref>Persson, O., & Persson, G. (2015). Torque Sensor for Automotive Applications. ''CODEN: LUTEDX/TEIE''.</ref>, [[vehicle dynamics]] analysis, and development of [[electric vehicle]] (EV) [[Drivetrain|drivetrains]] is done<ref>Albers, A., Fischer, J., Behrendt, M., & Lieske, D. (2015). Methods for measuring, analyzing and predicting the dynamic torque of an electric drive used in an automotive drivetrain. ''SAE International Journal of Alternative Powertrains'', ''4''(2), 363-369.</ref>.
They are further used in Aerospace where [[Aircraft engine|aircraft engines]], [[Propeller|propellers]], and rotor systems are tested, ensuring safety of aerospace components<ref name=":4" />.
They are also used in monitoring torque in [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]] and [[Tidal power|tidal energy systems]], increasing their efficiency<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />.
Industrial Automation and Robotics uses them in monitoring torque in robotic joints, industrial machinery, and automation systems. Thus, their [[Safety|operational safety]] and performance is enhanced<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />.
Lastly, in [[research and development]] they are important for laboratories involved in material testing, mechanical research, and dynamic machinery analysis.
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* [[Frequency response|Frequency Response]]: Range of frequencies over which the sensor accurately measures dynamic torque.
* Temperature Stability: Accurate measurements maintained by sensor across varying temperatures.
* [[Calibration]] Standards: Adherence to internationally recognized calibration standards (e.g., ISO, ASTM) ensuring consistent measurement accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Torque Sensors Specifications {{!}} GlobalSpec |url=https://www.globalspec.com/specsearch/searchform/sensors_transducers_detectors/torque_sensing/torque_sensors |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=www.globalspec.com}}</ref>
== Calibration and maintenance ==
Proper calibration and maintenance of dynamic torque sensors is vital to guarantee their accuracy over time<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Klaus |first=Leonard |last2=Hamaji |first2=Misaki |date=2025 |title=The State of the Art in Dynamic Torque Calibration |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/sicejl/64/2/64_66/_article/-char/ja/ |journal=計測と制御 |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=66–73 |doi=10.11499/sicejl.64.66}}</ref>. Both static and dynamic calibration methods are included to maintain sensor accuracy. Furthermore, compliance to recognized calibration standards, such as [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] and [[ASTM International|ASTM]] would ensure consistency across measurements. Regular inspection, cleaning, recalibration, and proper handling is also crucial to extend lifespan of [[sensor]]<ref>Cheng, L., Su, Y., & Wang, L. (2021, December). Research on the Calibration Method of Torque Sensor. In ''Journal of Physics: Conference Series'' (Vol. 2136, No. 1, p. 012004). IOP Publishing.</ref>.
== See also ==
{{See also|Torque|Torque wrench|Torque converter|Torque screwdriver}}
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
* [https://handwiki.org/wiki/Engineering:Torque_sensor Engineering: Torque sensor]
* [https://www.ato.com/torque-sensors-for-sale?srsltid=AfmBOooOndEvgU8FoJJcgm7LhwjOjeZJG9N-gTskdX9rwk2YkiqkNkUa What is Torque Sensor?]
* [https://www.hbm.com/it/10716/how-does-a-torque-transducer-actually-work/ How Does a Torque Transducer Actually Work?]<br />
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