Dynamic torque sensor: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Dynamic_torque_sensor.png|thumb|Dynamic torque sensor]]

A '''dynamic torque sensor''' is an electronic measurement device used to measure and record [[torque]] variations in rotating or dynamically moving [[mechanical systems]]<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US8752439B2|title=Dynamic torque sensing system|gdate=2014-06-17|invent1=HYTE|inventor1-first=JEFFREY Alan|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8752439B2/en}}</ref>. As compared to static torque sensors, which measure torque when the object is stationary, dynamic torque sensors specifically measure rapid fluctuations in torque<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mateev |first=Valentin |last2=Marinova |first2=Iliana |title=Magnetic Elastomer Sensor for Dynamic Torque |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097051/ |journal=2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097051}}</ref>. Thus, they provide valuable insights into real-time mechanical performance<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Karki |first=Dipesh |last2=Dura |first2=Hari Bahadur |last3=Poudel |first3=Laxman |date=2023-12-30 |title=Design, construction and performance analysis of dynamic torque transducer |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jiee/article/view/43809 |journal=Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=118–123 |doi=10.3126/jiee.v6i1.43809 |issn=2594-343X}}</ref>.

These sensors are crucial where precise control and monitoring of torque are required.  They play a major role in operational safety<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Rocksana N. |last2=Akram |first2=Muhammad |last3=Iqbal |first3=Sajid |last4=Bilal |first4=Muhammad |title=Design and Analysis of Joint Torque Sensor for Safe Human-Robotic Collaboration |url=https://index.ieomsociety.org/index.cfm/article/view/ID/5340 |journal=4th European International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management |language=en |publisher=IEOM Society |volume=11 |doi=10.46254/EU04.20210030 |isbn=978-1-7923-6127-2}}</ref>. Therefore, aiding engineers and technicians in determining the [[efficiency]] of mechanical components such as [[Synchronous motor|motors]], [[Drive shaft|drive shafts]], and rotating equipment<ref name=":10" />.

Dynamic torque sensor uses principles such as [[strain gauge]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Xuezhu |last2=Cui |first2=Long |last3=Li |first3=Hongyi |last4=Wang |first4=Yuechao |title=Development and optimization of the build-in torque sensor for harmonic drive |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7419029/ |journal=2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) |pages=1774–1779 |doi=10.1109/ROBIO.2015.7419029}}</ref> technology, [[Inverse magnetostrictive effect|magnetoelastic effects]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mateev |first=Valentin |last2=Marinova |first2=Iliana |title=Magnetic Elastomer Sensor for Dynamic Torque |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097051/ |journal=2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097051}}</ref>, [[optical sensing]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adwant |first=Mrs A. V. |last2=Singh |first2=Dr Manpreet |last3=Deshmukh |first3=Dr Suhas |last4=Singh |first4=Dr Vijay Kumar |date=2023-08-10 |title=Development Of An Optical Torque Sensor And Examining Torque-Vibration Correspondence |url=https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/3952 |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture |language=en |volume=35 |pages=2242–2254 |doi=10.59670/jns.v35i.3952 |issn=2197-5523}}</ref>, or [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric effects]]<ref name=":3">Hammond, J. M., & Lec, R. M. (1998, May). A non-contact piezoelectric torque sensor. In ''Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (Cat. No. 98CH36165)'' (pp. 715-723). IEEE.</ref>. These aid in non-contact measurement hence, serving various industrial requirements<ref name=":3" /> hence, serving various industrial requirements.

The machinery is increasingly getting complex and the demand for higher accuracy and performance is also increasing. Therefore, this has broadened the role of dynamic torque sensors across various sectors. This includes [[Automotive industry|automotive]]<ref name=":10">Brusamarello, V., Balbinot, A., Gertz, L. C., & Cerviéri, A. (2010, May). Dynamic torque measurement for automotive application. In ''2010 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings'' (pp. 1358-1362). IEEE.</ref>, [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]]<ref name=":4">Lee, T. H., Low, T. S., Tseng, K. J., & Lim, H. K. (2004). An intelligent indirect dynamic torque sensor for permanent magnet brushless DC drives. ''IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics'', ''41''(2), 191-200.</ref>, [[renewable energy]]<ref name=":5">Kang, H. S., & Meneveau, C. (2010). Direct mechanical torque sensor for model wind turbines. ''Measurement Science and Technology'', ''21''(10), 105206.</ref><ref name=":6">Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Qiao, W., & Qu, L. (2015). A discrete-time direct torque control for direct-drive PMSG-based wind energy conversion systems. ''IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications'', ''51''(4), 3504-3514.</ref>, [[industrial automation]]<ref>Beck, J. (2021, April). Torque sensors for high volume production applications. In ''CTI SYMPOSIUM 2019: 18th International Congress and Expo 9-12 December 2019, Berlin, Germany'' (pp. 17-24). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.</ref>, and [[robotics]]<ref>Palli, G. I. A. N. L. U. C. A., & Pirozzi, S. (2013). An optical torque sensor for robotic applications. ''International Journal of Optomechatronics'', ''7''(4), 263-282.</ref><ref name=":7">Tsetserukou, D., & Tachi, S. (2008). Torque sensors for robot joint control. ''Sensors, Focus on Tactile, Force and Stress Sensors'', 15-36.</ref><ref name=":8">Li, Z., Li, X., Lin, J., Pang, Y., Yang, D., Zhong, L., & Guo, J. (2023). Design and application of multidimensional force/torque sensors in surgical robots: A review. ''IEEE Sensors Journal'', ''23''(12), 12441-12454.</ref>. Use of dynamic sensors in these sectors is improving efficiency and safety of mechanical systems for manufacturers and users<ref name=":9" />.

== Working principle ==

Dynamic torque sensor uses measurement principles such as strain gauge technology, magnetoelastic effects, optical sensing, and piezoelectric effects<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />.

=== Strain gauge technology ===

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Dynamic torque sensor can be classified according to their sensing technology and application.

Firstly, Rotary torque sensors<ref name=":11">Morsy, W. (2024). Fabrication of a rotating shaft torque sensor for power data determination of rotary farm implements. ''Alexandria Journal of Soil and Water Sciences'', ''8''(1), 49-56.</ref> measure torque on rotating shafts. They use strain gauges or magnetoelastic technology and are used in engines, [[gearboxes]], and [[Drive shaft|drive shafts]]<ref name=":11" />.

Secondly, Non-contact torque sensors<ref name=":12">Zhang, C., Li, Z., Chen, J., Qiu, F., & Na, S. (2021). Design and research of a novel non-contact vertical inductive torque sensor. ''Measurement'', ''177'', 109252.</ref> measure torque without physical contact. They use magnetoelastic or optical techniques thus reducing [[wear]] and maintenance requirements. They are especially helpful in harsh or high-speed environments<ref name=":12" />.

Lastly, Reaction torque sensors<ref name=":13">Muftah, M. H., Haris, S. M., Petroczki, K., & Khidir, E. A. (2013). An improved strain gauge-based dynamic torque measurement method. ''International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing'', ''7''(1), 66-73.</ref> use strain gauge technology and are engineered to measure torque without rotation. They are used in torque [[Test bench|testing benches]] and component validation setups<ref name=":13" />.

== Applications ==

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Industrial Automation and Robotics uses them in monitoring torque in robotic joints, industrial machinery, and automation systems. Thus, their [[Safety|operational safety]] and performance is enhanced<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />.

Lastly, in [[research and development]] they are important for laboratories involved in material testing, mechanical research, and dynamic machinery analysis.

== Technical specifications and performance criteria ==

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== See also ==

{{See also|Torque|Torque wrench|Torque converter|Torque screwdriver}}

* [[Torque]]

* [[Torque wrench]]

* [[Torque converter]]

* [[Torque screwdriver]]

== References ==