Code-switching: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:47, 9 July 2025

Revision as of 22:27, 11 July 2025

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Code-switching is different from [[plurilingualism]] in that plurilingualism refers to the ability of an individual to use multiple languages,<ref name="Council of Europe">{{Cite web |title=Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment (CEFR) |url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/home |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Council of Europe |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306232731/https://www.coe.int/en/web/common-european-framework-reference-languages/home |url-status=live }}</ref> while code-switching is the act of using multiple languages together. [[Multilingualism|Multilinguals]] (speakers of more than one language) sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other. Thus, code-switching is the use of more than one linguistic variety in a manner consistent with the [[syntax]] and [[phonology]] of each variety.

Code-switching may happen between [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentences]], [[sentence fragments]], [[word]]s, or [[Morpheme|individual morphemes]] (in [[synthetic language]]s). However, some linguists consider the [[Loanword|borrowing]] of words or morphemes from another language to be different from other types of code-switching.<ref name="Poplack-2018">{{Cite book |last=Poplack |first=Shana |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/986237047 |title=Borrowing: Loanwords in the Speech Community and in the Grammar |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2018 |isbn=978-0-19-025637-1 |___location=New York, NY |oclc=986237047}}</ref><ref name="Darrin-2017">{{Cite web |last=Darrin |date=2017-10-05 |title=Code -Switching & Lexical Borrowing |url=https://educationalresearchtechniques.com/2017/10/06/code-switching-lexical-borrowing/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Educational Research Techniques |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130201127/https://educationalresearchtechniques.com/2017/10/06/code-switching-lexical-borrowing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Code-switching can occur when there is a change in the environment in which one is speaking, or in the context of speaking a different language or switching the verbiage to match that of the audience. There are many ways in which code-switching is employed, such as when speakers are unable to express themselves adequately in a single language or to signal an attitude towards something. Several theories have been developed to explain the reasoning behind code-switching from sociological and linguistic perspectives.

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*{{Cite book|author1-link=Ben Rampton|last=Rampton |first=Ben |year=1995 |title=Crossing: Language and Ethnicity among Adolescents |___location=London |publisher=Longman}}

*{{Cite book |last=Pujolar |first=Joan |year=2000 |title=Gender, Heteroglossia and Power. A Sociolinguistic Study of Youth Culture |___location=Berlin |publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref>

In addition, scholars in [[interactional linguistics]] and [[conversation analysis]] have studied code-switching as a means of structuring speech in interaction.<ref name="Li1998">{{Cite book |first=Li |last=Wei |author-link= Li Wei (linguist) |year=1998|chapter=The 'Why' and 'How' Questions in the Analysis of Conversational Codeswitching |title=Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity |editor=P. Auer |pages=156–76 |___location=London |publisher=Routledge |isbn= 978-0415216098|s2cid=61014762}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sebba |first1=Mark |first2=Tony |last2=Wooton |year=1998 |chapter=We, They and Identity: Sequential Versus Identity-Related Explanation in Code Switching |title=Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity |editor=P. Auer |pages=262–86 |___location=London |publisher=Routledge|s2cid=151552462|isbn=978-0415216098}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cromdal |first=Jakob |year=2001 |title=Overlap in Bilingual Play: Some Implications of Code-Switching for Overlap Resolution |journal=Research on Language and Social Interaction |volume=34 |pages=421–51 |issue=4 |doi=10.1207/S15327973RLSI3404_02|s2cid=144487309 }}</ref> Some discourse analysts, including conversation analyst [[Peter Auer]], suggest that code-switching does not simply reflect social situations, but that it is a means to create social situations.<ref name="Auer1984">{{Cite book |last=Auer |first=Peter |year=1984 |title=Bilingual Conversation |___location=Amsterdam |publisher=John Benjamins |isbn=978-9-02722-541-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cromdal |first=Jakob |year=2004 |title=Building bilingual oppositions: Code-switching in children's disputes |journal=Language in Society |volume=33 |pages=33–58 |issue=1 |doi=10.1017/S0047404504031021|doi-broken-date=2024-11-16 |s2cid=144595157 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Musk |first=Nigel John |year=2012 |title=Performing bilingualism in Wales: Arguing the case for empirical and theoretical eclecticism |journal=Pragmatics: Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association |volume=22 |pages=651–669 |issue=4|doi=10.1075/prag.22.4.05mus |doi-access=free }}</ref>

====Markedness model====