Dynamic torque sensor: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Dynamic_torque_sensor.png|thumb|Dynamic torque sensor]]

A '''dynamic torque sensor''' is an [[Electronics|electronic]] measurement device used to measure and record [[torque]] variations in rotating or dynamically moving [[mechanical systems]].<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US8752439B2|title=Dynamic torque sensing system|gdate=2014-06-17|invent1=HYTE|inventor1-first=JEFFREY Alan|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US8752439B2/en}}</ref> As compared to static torque [[Sensor|sensors]], which measure torque when the object is stationary, dynamic torque sensors specifically measure rapid fluctuations.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mateev |first=Valentin |last2=Marinova |first2=Iliana |title=Magnetic Elastomer Sensor for Dynamic Torque |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097051/ |journal=2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097051}}</ref> Thus,They theyreport providetorque insightsvariations intoin real- time mechanical performance..<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Karki |first=Dipesh |last2=Dura |first2=Hari Bahadur |last3=Poudel |first3=Laxman |date=2023-12-30 |title=Design, construction and performance analysis of dynamic torque transducer |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jiee/article/view/43809 |journal=Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=118–123 |doi=10.3126/jiee.v6i1.43809 |issn=2594-343X}}</ref>

These sensors are used where [[Control engineering|control]] and monitoring of torque are required, and they play a role in [[Safety|operational safety]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Rocksana N. |last2=Akram |first2=Muhammad |last3=Iqbal |first3=Sajid |last4=Bilal |first4=Muhammad |title=Design and Analysis of Joint Torque Sensor for Safe Human-Robotic Collaboration |url=https://index.ieomsociety.org/index.cfm/article/view/ID/5340 |journal=4th European International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management |language=en |publisher=IEOM Society |volume=11 |doi=10.46254/EU04.20210030 |isbn=978-1-7923-6127-2}}</ref> They help determine the [[efficiency]] of mechanical components such as [[Synchronous motor|motors]], [[Drive shaft|drive shafts]], and rotating equipment.<ref name=":10" />

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Dynamic torque sensor uses principles such as [[strain gauge]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Xuezhu |last2=Cui |first2=Long |last3=Li |first3=Hongyi |last4=Wang |first4=Yuechao |title=Development and optimization of the build-in torque sensor for harmonic drive |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7419029/ |journal=2015 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO) |pages=1774–1779 |doi=10.1109/ROBIO.2015.7419029}}</ref> technology, [[Inverse magnetostrictive effect|magnetoelastic effects]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mateev |first=Valentin |last2=Marinova |first2=Iliana |title=Magnetic Elastomer Sensor for Dynamic Torque |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9097051/ |journal=2019 19th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1109/ISEF45929.2019.9097051}}</ref>, [[optical sensing]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adwant |first=Mrs A. V. |last2=Singh |first2=Dr Manpreet |last3=Deshmukh |first3=Dr Suhas |last4=Singh |first4=Dr Vijay Kumar |date=2023-08-10 |title=Development Of An Optical Torque Sensor And Examining Torque-Vibration Correspondence |url=https://namibian-studies.com/index.php/JNS/article/view/3952 |journal=Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture |language=en |volume=35 |pages=2242–2254 |doi=10.59670/jns.v35i.3952 |issn=2197-5523}}</ref>, or [[Piezoelectricity|piezoelectric effects]].<ref name=":3">Hammond, J. M., & Lec, R. M. (1998, May). A non-contact piezoelectric torque sensor. In ''Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (Cat. No. 98CH36165)'' (pp. 715-723). IEEE.</ref>

TheMechanical machinerysystems ishave increasinglydiversified gettingin complexdesign and theoperating demand for higher accuracy and performance is also increasingconditions. Therefore, thisdynamic hastorque broadenedsensors theare rolenow ofapplied dynamicin torquemore sensorssectors acrossthan various sectorsbefore. This includes [[Automotive industry|automotive]]<ref name=":10">Brusamarello, V., Balbinot, A., Gertz, L. C., & Cerviéri, A. (2010, May). Dynamic torque measurement for automotive application. In ''2010 IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Technology Conference Proceedings'' (pp. 1358-1362). IEEE.</ref>, [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]]<ref name=":4">Lee, T. H., Low, T. S., Tseng, K. J., & Lim, H. K. (2004). An intelligent indirect dynamic torque sensor for permanent magnet brushless DC drives. ''IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics'', ''41''(2), 191-200.</ref>, [[renewable energy]]<ref name=":5">Kang, H. S., & Meneveau, C. (2010). Direct mechanical torque sensor for model wind turbines. ''Measurement Science and Technology'', ''21''(10), 105206.</ref><ref name=":6">Zhang, Z., Zhao, Y., Qiao, W., & Qu, L. (2015). A discrete-time direct torque control for direct-drive PMSG-based wind energy conversion systems. ''IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications'', ''51''(4), 3504-3514.</ref>, [[industrial automation]]<ref>Beck, J. (2021, April). Torque sensors for high volume production applications. In ''CTI SYMPOSIUM 2019: 18th International Congress and Expo 9-12 December 2019, Berlin, Germany'' (pp. 17-24). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.</ref>, and [[robotics]]<ref>Palli, G. I. A. N. L. U. C. A., & Pirozzi, S. (2013). An optical torque sensor for robotic applications. ''International Journal of Optomechatronics'', ''7''(4), 263-282.</ref><ref name=":7">Tsetserukou, D., & Tachi, S. (2008). Torque sensors for robot joint control. ''Sensors, Focus on Tactile, Force and Stress Sensors'', 15-36.</ref><ref name=":8">Li, Z., Li, X., Lin, J., Pang, Y., Yang, D., Zhong, L., & Guo, J. (2023). Design and application of multidimensional force/torque sensors in surgical robots: A review. ''IEEE Sensors Journal'', ''23''(12), 12441-12454.</ref>. UseIn ofthese sectors, dynamic torque sensors inare theseemployed sectorsto ismonitor improvingsystem efficiency and safety of mechanical systems for manufacturers and usersparameters.<ref name=":9" />

== Working principle ==

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=== Strain gauge technology ===

[[File:Strain_gauge_deformation.jpg|thumb|Strain gauge deformation under tension (left) and compression (right)]]

[[Strain gauge|Strain gauges]] [[Deformation (engineering)|deforms]] when torque is applied. This results in changes in [[Electrical resistance and conductance|electrical resistance]] proportional to the torque, allowing to measure the strains. These sensors provideclaim highan accuracy, andof their±0.3 reliability% andof simplefull integration resultsscale in theirlaboratory tests and are commonly integrated into widemeasurement usagerigs.<ref name=":0" />

=== Magnetoelastic effects ===

These sensors use changes in [[Magnetic field|magnetic]] properties, when torque is applied. The magnetoelastic principle enables non-contact torque measurement,. thusManufacturers sensorreport lifespanthat andmagnetoelastic performancesensors can operate in harshhigh-temperature or high-vibration conditions environmentswith areminimal raisedmaintenance.<ref name=":1" />

=== Optical sensing ===

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They are also used in monitoring torque in [[Wind turbine|wind turbines]] and [[Tidal power|tidal energy systems]], increasing their efficiency.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" />

Industrial automation and robotics uses them in monitoring torque in robotic joints, industrial machinery, and automation systems. Thus,Studies theirhave [[Safety|operationalshown safety]]that andtorque monitoring can detect abnormal loads in robotic joints, performancepotentially ispreventing enhancedfailures.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" />

== Technical specifications and performance criteria ==