=={{anchor|HARDWARE}}Examples of hardware caches==
===CPU cache===
Small memories on or close to the CPU can operate faster than the much larger main memory. Most CPUs since the 1980s have used one or more caches, sometimes [[CPU cache#Multi-level caches|in cascaded levels]]; modern high-end [[Embedded computing|embedded]], desktop and server [[microprocessor]]s may have as many as six types of cache (between levels and functions). Some examples of caches with a specific function are the D-cache, I-cache and the translation lookaside buffer for the memory management unit (MMU).
{{Main|CPU cache}}
Small memories on or close to the CPU can operate faster than the much larger [[main memory]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Su|first1=Chao|last2=Zeng|first2=Qingkai|date=2021-06-10|editor-last=Nicopolitidis|editor-first=Petros|title=Survey of CPU Cache-Based Side-Channel Attacks: Systematic Analysis, Security Models, and Countermeasures|journal=Security and Communication Networks|language=en|volume=2021|pages=1–15|doi=10.1155/2021/5559552|issn=1939-0122|doi-access=free}}</ref> Most CPUs since the 1980s have used one or more caches, sometimes [[CPU cache#Multi-level caches|in cascaded levels]]; modern high-end [[Embedded computing|embedded]], [[Desktop computer|desktop]] and server [[microprocessor]]s may have as many as six types of cache (between levels and functions).<ref>{{cite web|title=Intel Broadwell Core i7 5775C '128MB L4 Cache' Gaming Behemoth and Skylake Core i7 6700K Flagship Processors Finally Available In Retail|date=25 September 2015|url=https://wccftech.com/intel-broadwell-core-i7-5775c-128mb-l4-cache-and-skylake-core-i7-6700k-flagship-processors-available-retail/}} Mentions L4 cache. Combined with separate I-Cache and TLB, this brings the total 'number of caches (levels+functions) to 6.</ref> Some examples of caches with a specific function are the [[D-cache]], [[I-cache]] and the [[translation lookaside buffer]] for the [[memory management unit]] (MMU).
