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==== Diamond/platinum OA ====
{{See also|Diamond open access}}
Journals that publish open access without charging authors article processing charges are sometimes referred to as diamond<ref name="fuchs2013" /><ref name="Gaj" /><ref name=":1" /> or platinum<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Machovec |first=George |year=2013 |title=An Interview with Jeffrey Beall on Open Access Publishing |journal=The Charleston Advisor |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=50 |doi=10.5260/chara.15.1.50}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Öchsner |first=A. |title=Introduction to Scientific Publishing |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-642-38645-9 |series=SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology |pages=23–29 |chapter=Publishing Companies, Publishing Fees, and Open Access Journals |publisher=Springer |___location=Berlin, Heidelberg |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38646-6_4}}</ref> OA. Since they do not charge either readers or authors directly, such publishers often require funding from external sources such as the sale of [[advertisements]], [[academic institution]]s, [[learned society|learned societies]], [[philanthropist]]s or [[government grant]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Normand |first=Stephanie |date=4 April 2018 |title=Is Diamond Open Access the Future of Open Access? |url=https://theijournal.ca/index.php/ijournal/article/view/29482 |url-status=live |journal=The IJournal: Graduate Student Journal of the Faculty of Information |volume=3 |issue=2 |issn=2561-7397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529090738/https://theijournal.ca/index.php/ijournal/article/view/29482 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rosenblum |first1=Brian |last2=Greenberg |first2=Marc |last3=Bolick |first3=Josh |last4=Emmett |first4=Ada |last5=Peterson |first5=A. Townsend |date=17 June 2016 |title=Subsidizing truly open access |journal=Science |volume=352 |issue=6292 |pages=1405 |bibcode=2016Sci...352.1405P |doi=10.1126/science.aag0946 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=27313033 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1808/20978 |s2cid=206650745}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=By |date=1 June 2017 |title=Diamond Open Access, Societies and Mission |url=https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/06/01/diamond-open-access-societies-mission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624133849/https://scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org/2017/06/01/diamond-open-access-societies-mission/ |archive-date=24 June 2019 |access-date=25 June 2019 |website=The Scholarly Kitchen}}</ref> There are now over 350 platinum OA journals with [[impact factors]] over a wide variety of academic disciplines, giving most academics options for OA with no APCs.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pearce |first=Joshua M. |date=2022 |title=The Rise of Platinum Open Access Journals with Both Impact Factors and Zero Article Processing Charges |journal=Knowledge |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=209–224 |doi=10.3390/knowledge2020013 |issn=2673-9585|doi-access=free }}</ref> Diamond OA journals are available for most disciplines, and are usually small (<25 articles per year) and more likely to be multilingual (38%); thousands of such journals exist.<ref name=":1">{{Cite report|url=https://zenodo.org/record/4558704|title=OA Diamond Journals Study. Part 1: Findings|last1=Bosman|first1=Jeroen|last2=Frantsvåg|first2=Jan Erik|date=2021-03-09|doi=10.5281/zenodo.4558704|last3=Kramer|first3=Bianca|last4=Langlais|first4=Pierre-Carl|last5=Proudman|first5=Vanessa|journal= }}</ref>
==== Black OA ====
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