Indian Human Spaceflight Programme: Difference between revisions

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The '''Indian Human Spaceflight programme''' (or the ''[[Gaganyaan]] programme'') is an ongoing programme by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) to develop the technology needed to launch [[Human spaceflight|crewed orbital spacecraft]] into [[low Earth orbit]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-how-to-send-an-indian-into-space-isro-maned-mission-5308964/|title=Gaganyan: How to send an Indian into space|date=16 August 2018 }}</ref> Three [[Spaceflight|uncrewed flights]], named [[Gaganyaan-1]], [[Gaganyaan-2]] and [[Gaganyaan-3]] are scheduled to launch in 2025 and 2026, followed by crewed flight in 2026 on an [[LVM3|HLVM3]] rocket.<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister reviews readiness of Gaganyaan Mission |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1968368}}</ref><ref name="ti-20221221"/><ref name="tp-20221204">{{cite web |last=Ramesh |first=Sandhya |url=https://theprint.in/science/indias-first-human-spaceflight-gaganyan-in-limbo-astronauts-partially-trained-isro-silent/1245696/ |title=India's first human spaceflight Gaganyan in limbo, astronauts partially trained, ISRO silent |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=4 December 2022 |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="toi-20210722">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/gaganyaan-1st-uncrewed-mission-unlikely-before-june-2022-no-life-support-systems-testing/articleshow/84655380.cms |title=Gaganyaan 1st uncrewed mission unlikely before June 2022; no life support systems testing |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=23 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="tribune-20210701">{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/first-human-rated-test-flight-for-indias-gaganyaan-not-likely-in-2021-276721 |title=First human-rated test flight for India's Gaganyaan not likely in 2021 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=1 July 2021 |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175052/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/schools/first-human-rated-test-flight-for-indias-gaganyaan-not-likely-in-2021-276721 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Before the ''[[Gaganyaan]]'' mission announcement in August 2018, human spaceflight was not a priority for ISRO, though related technologies were developed since 2007,<ref name="pl" /> and it performed a [[Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment]]<ref name=":3">{{cite web | url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/crew-module-atmospheric-re-entry-experiment-care | title=Crew module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) - ISRO | access-date=19 September 2022 | archive-date=16 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816084003/https://www.isro.gov.in/Spacecraft/crew-module-atmospheric-re-entry-experiment-care | url-status=dead }}</ref> and a [[ISRO Pad Abort Test|Pad Abort Test]] for the mission.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/satellites-are-our-priority-now-not-human-space-flight/299103|title=Satellites Are Our Priority Now, Not Human Space Flight|work=Outlook|access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref><ref name="thehindu.com1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/isros-first-pad-abort-test-successful/article24336860.ece|title=ISRO's first 'pad abort' test, critical for future human space mission, successful|date=5 July 2018|work=The Hindu}}</ref> In December 2018, the Indian government approved a further {{Indian Rupee}}100&nbsp;billion crore (US$1.5 billion) for a 7-day crewed flight of 2–3 astronauts.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-plans-to-put-man-in-space-for-7-days-says-indian-space-research-organisation-chairman-k-sivan-1900888|title=Indian Astronaut Will Be in Space For 7 Days, Confirms ISRO Chairman}}</ref><ref name="toi-20181229">{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Surendra |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-cabinet-clears-rs-10000cr-for-indias-gaganyaan-project/articleshow/67288124.cms |title=Rs 10,000 crore plan to send 3 Indians to space by 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 December 2018 |access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref><ref name=flyaway1>[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/3-indians-to-be-sent-to-space-for-7-days-by-2022-cabinet-approves-budget-1969358 Indians To Spend 7 Days In Space In Rs. 10,000 Crore Gaganyaan Plan: 10 Points], NDTV, 28 December 2018.</ref><ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/jfk-1961-modi-2018-pm-announces-indian-space-2022-isro-ready-86635|title=JFK in 1961, Modi in 2018: PM announces 'Indian in space by 2022,' but is ISRO ready?|last=Suresh|first=Haripriya|date=15 August 2018|website=The News Minute}}</ref>

If completed successfully, India will become the fourth [[nation state|nation]] to conduct independent human spaceflight after the [[Soviet Union]], United States, and China. After conducting the first crewed spaceflights, the agency intends to start a [[ISRO space station|space station]] programme, crewed [[Moon landing|lunar landings]], and crewed [[Interplanetary spaceflight|interplanetary]] missions in the long term.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news| title = India eying an indigenous station in space |url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/india-planning-to-have-own-space-station-isro-chief/article27897953.ece| date = 13 June 2019| access-date = 13 June 2019| work =[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]}}</ref><ref name="HTSep20"/>