Boundary problem (spatial analysis): Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Differentiation of geographical patterns of boundaries drawn for administrative or measurement purposes}}

{{About|geographical research|the boundary problem in philosophy of science|Demarcation problem|the boundary value problem in mathematical modeling|Boundary value problem|the boundary problem in political science|Boundary problem (political science)}}

A '''boundary problem''' in analysis is a phenomenon in which geographical patterns are differentiated by the shape and arrangement of boundaries that are drawn for administrative or measurement purposes. The boundary problem occurs because of the loss of neighbors in analyses that depend on the values of the neighbors. While geographic phenomena are measured and analyzed within a specific unit, identical spatial data can appear either dispersed or clustered depending on the boundary placed around the data. In analysis with point data, dispersion is evaluated as dependent of the boundary. In analysis with areal data, statistics should be interpreted based upon the boundary.

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== Types and examples ==

By drawing a boundary around a study area, two types of problems in measurement and analysis takes place.<ref name=Fotheringham93/> The first is an ''edge effect''.<ref name=Gao1>{{cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Fei |last2=Kihal |first2=Wahida |last3=Meur |first3=Nolwenn Le |last4=Souris |first4=Marc |last5=Deguen |first5=Séverine |title=Does the edge effect impact on the measure of spatial accessibility to healthcare providers? |journal=International Journal of Health Geographics |date=2017 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=46 |doi=10.1186/s12942-017-0119-3 |pmid=29228961 |pmc=5725922 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This effect originates from the ignorance of interdependences that occur outside the bounded region.<ref name=Gao1/> Griffith<ref name=Griffith80>{{cite journal |last1=Griffith |first1=Daniel A. |title=Towards a Theory of Spatial Statistics |journal=Geographical Analysis |date=3 September 2010 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=325–339 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.1980.tb00040.x}}</ref><ref name="Griffith83"/> and Griffith and Amrhein<ref name=Griffith_Amrhein83>{{cite journal |last1=Griffith |first1=Daniel A. |last2=Amrhein |first2=Carl G. |title=An Evaluation of Correction Techniques for Boundary Effects in Spatial Statistical Analysis: Traditional Methods |journal=Geographical Analysis |date=3 September 2010 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=352–360 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00794.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> highlighted problems according to the edge effect. A typical example is a cross-boundary influence such as cross-border jobs, services and other resources located in a neighbouring municipality.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mcguire |first1=James |title=What works : reducing reoffending : guidelines from research and practice |date=1999 |publisher=J. Wiley |isbn=978-0471956860}}</ref>

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== References ==

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[[Category:Problems in spatial analysis]]