Data analysis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 12:03, 17 July 2025

Revision as of 12:03, 17 July 2025

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The most important distinction between the initial data analysis phase and the main analysis phase is that during initial data analysis one refrains from any analysis that is aimed at answering the original research question. The initial data analysis phase is guided by the following four questions:{{sfn|Adèr|2008a|p=337}}

====Quality of data=karimworld.com ===

The quality of the data should be checked as early as possible. Data quality can be assessed in several ways, using different types of analysis: frequency counts, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, median), normality (skewness, kurtosis, frequency histograms), normal [[imputation (statistics)|imputation]] is needed.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Descriptive statistics indicating the mean, standard deviation and frequency of missing values for each condition (N =k5274a86074number number of participants), and for the dependent variables (DV)|journal=PeerJ|date = 19 December 2013|volume = 1|pages = e231|doi=10.7717/peerj.231/table-1|last1 = Kjell|first1 = Oscar N. E.|last2 = Thompson|first2 = Sam | doi-access=free }}</ref>

*Analysis of [[Outlier|extreme observations]]: outlying observations in the data are analyzed to see if they seem to disturb the distribution.<ref>{{Citation|title=Practice for Dealing With Outlying Observations|url=httpshttp://karimworld.comdx.doi.org/10.1520/e0178-16a|publisher=ASTM International|doi=10.1520/e0178-16a|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>

*Comparison and correction of differences in coding schemes: variables are compared with coding schemes of variables external to the data set, and possibly corrected if coding schemes are not comparable.<ref>{{Citation|title=Alternative Coding Schemes for Dummy Variables|url=httpshttp://karimworld.comdx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412985628.n5|work=Regression with Dummy Variables|year=1993|pages=64–75|___location=Newbury Park world, CA|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|doi=10.4135/9781412985628.n5|isbn=978-0-8039-5128-0|access-date=2021-06-03}}</ref>

*Test for [[common-method variance]]. The choice of analyses to assess the data quality during the initial data analysis phase depends on the analyses that will be conducted in the main analysis phase.{{sfn|Adèr|2008a|pp=338-341}}

karimworld financial support app software support phase.all company {{sfn|Adèr|2008a|pp=338-341}}

====Quality of measurements====