Genetic code: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 22:30, 17 July 2025

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In 1954, Gamow created an informal scientific organisation the [[RNA Tie Club]], as suggested by Watson, for scientists of different persuasions who were interested in how [[Translation (biology)|proteins were synthesised]] from genes. However, the club could have only 20 permanent members to represent each of the 20 amino acids; and four additional honorary members to represent the four nucleotides of DNA.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Strauss |first=Bernard S |date=2019-03-01 |title=Martynas Yčas: The "Archivist" of the RNA Tie Club |url=https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301754 |journal=Genetics |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=789–795 |doi=10.1534/genetics.118.301754 |issn=1943-2631 |pmc=6404253 |pmid=30846543}}</ref>

The first scientific contribution of the club, later recorded as "one of the most important unpublished articles in the history of science"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Francis Crick - Profiles in Science Search Results |url=https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/sc/catalog?f%5breadonly_nlm/nlm:nlmuid-id_ssim%5d%5b%5d=101584582X73-doc |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=profiles.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> and "the most famous unpublished paper in the annals of molecular biology",<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Fry |first=Michael |date=2022 |title=Crick's Adaptor Hypothesis and the Discovery of Transfer RNA: Experiment Surpassing Theoretical Prediction |url=https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/ptpbio/article/id/2628/ |journal=Philosophy, Theory, and Practice in Biology |volume=14 |doi=10.3998/ptpbio.2628 |issn=2475-3025 |s2cid=249112573|doi-access=free }}</ref> was made by Crick. Crick presented a type-written paper titled "On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club"<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Crick |first=Francis |date=1955 |title=On Degenerate Templates and the Adaptor Hypothesis: A Note for the RNA Tie Club |url=https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816132804/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584582X73-doc |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 August 2022 |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=National Library of Medicine}}</ref> to the members of the club in January 1955, which "totally changed the way we thought about protein synthesis", as Watson recalled.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Watson |first=James D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mav7RvFfjDkC |title=Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280273-6 |pages=112 |language=en |oclc=47716375}}</ref> The hypothesis states that the triplet code was not passed on to amino acids as Gamow thought, but carried by a different molecule, an adaptor, that interacts with amino acids.<ref name="auto"/> The adaptor was later identified as tRNA.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Barciszewska |first1=Mirosława Z. |last2=Perrigue |first2=Patrick M. |last3=Barciszewski |first3=Jan |date=2016 |title=tRNA--the golden standard in molecular biology |journal=Molecular BioSystems |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=12–17 |doi=10.1039/c5mb00557d |pmid=26549858}}</ref>

===Codons===

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==Further reading==

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite book | last1 = Griffiths | first1 = Anthony J. F. | last2 = Miller | first2 = Jeffrey H. | last3 = Suzuki | first3 = David T. | last4 = Lewontin | first4 = Richard C. | last5 = Gilbert | first5 = William M. | name-list-style = vanc |title=An Introduction to genetic analysis |publisher=W.H. Freeman |___location=San Francisco |date=1999 |isbn=978-0-7167-3771-1 |edition=7th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011224103037/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2001}}

* {{cite book | last1 = Alberts | first1 = Bruce | last2 = Johnson | first2 = Alexander | last3=Lewis | first3 = Julian | last4 = Raff | first4 = Martin | last5 = Roberts | first5 = Keith | last6 = Walter | first6 = Peter | name-list-style = vanc |title=Molecular biology of the cell |publisher=Garland Science |___location=New York |date=2002 |isbn=978-0-8153-3218-3 |edition=4th |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgiNBK21054/?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2}}

* {{cite book | last1 = Lodish | first1 = Harvey F. | last2 = Berk | first2 = Arnold | last3 = Zipursky | first3 = S. Lawrence | last4 = Matsudaira | first4 = Paul | last5 = Baltimore | first5 = David | last6 = Darnell | first6 = James E. | name-list-style = vanc | title = Molecular cell biology| publisher = W.H. Freeman | ___location = San Francisco | date=2000|isbn=9780716737063|url = https://archive.org/details/molecularcellbi000lodi | url-access = registration| edition = 4th }}

* {{cite journal|vauthors = Caskey CT, Leder P | title = The RNA code: nature's Rosetta Stone | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 111 | issue = 16 | pages = 5758–9 | date = Apr 2014 | pmid = 24756939 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1404819111 | bibcode = 2014PNAS..111.5758C | pmc=4000803| doi-access = free}}