Java: Difference between revisions

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''H. erectus'' arrived in Eurasia approximately 1.8 million years ago, in an event considered to be the first African exodus.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi=10.1111/ggi.12224| pmid=25327904| pmc=4285791| title=Geriatric issues from the standpoint of human evolution| journal=Geriatrics & Gerontology International| volume=14| issue=4| pages=731–34| year=2014| last1=Matsubayashi| first1=Kozo}}</ref> There is evidence that the Java population of ''H. erectus'' lived in an ever-wet forest habitat. More specifically the environment resembled a [[savannah]], but was likely regularly inundated ("hydromorphic savanna"). The plants found at the Trinil excavation site included grass ([[Poaceae]]), [[fern]]s, ''[[Ficus]]'', and ''[[Indigofera]]'', which are typical of lowland rainforest.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=Thomas |last2=de Vos |first2=John |last3=Huffman |first3=O. Frank |year=2014| title=The Oldest Gibbon Fossil (Hylobatidae) from Insular Southeast Asia: Evidence from Trinil, (East Java, Indonesia), Lower/Middle Pleistocene |journal=[[PLOS ONE|PLoS ONE]]|volume=9|issue=6|at=e99531|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0099531|pmid=24914951 |pmc=4051846 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...999531I |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Solo Man|''H.&nbsp;e.&nbsp;soloensis'']] was the last population of a long occupation history of the island of Java by ''H.&nbsp;erectus'', beginning 1.51 to 0.93 million years ago at the Sangiran site, continuing 540 to 430 thousand years ago at the Trinil site, and finally 117 to 108 thousand years ago at Ngandong.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaim |first1=Yahdi |last2=Ciochon |first2=Russell L. |last3=Polanski |first3=Joshua M. |last4=Grine |first4=Frederick E. |last5=Bettis |first5=E. Arthur |last6=Rizal |first6=Yan |last7=Franciscus |first7=Robert G. |last8=Larick |first8=Roy R. |last9=Heizler |first9=Matthew |last10=Aswan |first10=null |last11=Eaves |first11=K. Lindsay |last12=Marsh |first12=Hannah E. |title=New 1.5 million-year-old Homo erectus maxilla from Sangiran (Central Java, Indonesia) |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21783226/ |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |date=2011 |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=363–376 |doi=10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.04.009 |issn=1095-8606 |pmid=21783226|bibcode=2011JHumE..61..363Z }}</ref> If the date is correct for Solo Man, then they would represent a terminal population of ''H.&nbsp;erectus'' which sheltered in the last open-habitat refuges of East Asia before the rainforest takeover. Before the immigration of modern humans, Late Pleistocene Southeast Asia was also home to ''[[Homo floresiensis|H.&nbsp;floresiensis]]'' endemic to the island of [[Flores]], Indonesia, and ''[[Homo luzonensis|H.&nbsp;luzonensis]]'' endemic to the island of [[Luzon]], the Philippines. Genetic analysis of present-day Southeast Asian populations indicates the widespread dispersal of the [[Denisovans]] (a species currently recognisable only by their genetic signature) across Southeast Asia, whereupon they interbred with immigrating modern humans 45.7 and 29.8 thousand years ago.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} A 2021 genomic study indicates that, aside from the Denisovans, modern humans never interbred with any of these endemic human species, unless the offspring were [[hybrid incompatibility|unviable]] or the hybrid lineages have since died out.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

Judging by the sheer number of specimens deposited at Ngandong at the same time, there may have been a sizeable population of ''H.&nbsp;e&nbsp;soloensis'' before the volcanic eruption which resulted in their interment, but population is difficult to approximate with certainty. This site is quite far from the north coast of Java Island, and it is not always easy to determine the position of the coastline in prehistoric times because of significant geographical changes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rizal |first1=Yan |last2=Westaway |first2=Kira E. |last3=Zaim |first3=Yahdi |last4=van den Bergh |first4=Gerrit D. |last5=Bettis |first5=E. Arthur |last6=Morwood |first6=Michael J. |last7=Huffman |first7=O. Frank |last8=Grün |first8=Rainer |last9=Joannes-Boyau |first9=Renaud |last10=Bailey |first10=Richard M. |last11=Sidarto |last12=Westaway |first12=Michael C. |last13=Kurniawan |first13=Iwan |last14=Moore |first14=Mark W. |last15=Storey |first15=Michael |date=18 December 2019 |title=Last appearance of Homo erectus at Ngandong, Java, 117,000–108,000 years ago |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1863-2 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=577 |issue=7790 |pages=381–385 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1863-2 |pmid=31853068 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription }}</ref>