Internet protocol suite: Difference between revisions

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{{IPstack}}

The '''Internet protocol suite''', commonly known as '''TCP/IP''', is a framework for organizing the [[communication protocol]]s used in the [[Internet]] and similar [[computer network]]s according to functional criteria. The foundational protocols in the suite are the [[Transmission Control Protocol]] (TCP), the [[User Datagram Protocol]] (UDP), and the [[Internet Protocol]] (IP). Early versions of this networking model were known as the '''Department of Defense''' ('''DoD''') '''Internet Architecture Model''' because the research and development were funded by the [[United States Department of Defense]] through Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ([[DARPA|DARPA]]).

The Internet protocol suite provides [[End-to-end principle|end-to-end data communication]] specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, [[routed]], and received. This functionality is organized into four [[abstraction layer]]s, which classify all related protocols according to each protocol's scope of networking.{{Ref RFC|1122}}{{Ref RFC|1123}} An implementation of the layers for a particular application forms a [[protocol stack]]. From lowest to highest, the layers are the [[link layer]], containing communication methods for data that remains within a single network segment (link); the [[internet layer]], providing [[internetworking]] between independent networks; the [[transport layer]], handling host-to-host communication; and the [[application layer]], providing process-to-process data exchange for applications.

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[[File:SRI First Internetworked Connection diagram.jpg|thumb|right|Diagram of the first internetworked connection]]

[[File:SRI Packet Radio Van.jpg|thumb|right|An [[SRI International]] [[Packet Radio Van]], used for the first three-way [[internetworked]] transmission]]

Initially referred to as the ''DOD Internet Architecture Model'', the Internet protocol suite has its roots in research and development sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ([[DARPA]]) in the late 1960s.<ref name="Cerf DoD">{{cite journal|title=The DoD Internet Architecture Model|first1=Vinton G.|last1=Cerf|first2=Edward|last2=Cain|name-list-style=amp|journal=Computer Networks|volume=7|issue=5|date=October 1983|publisher=North-Holland|doi=10.1016/0376-5075(83)90042-9|pages=307–318}}</ref> After [[DARPA]] initiated the pioneering [[ARPANET]] in 1969, [[Steve Crocker]] established a "Networking Working Group" which developed a host-host protocol, the [[Network Control Program (ARPANET)|Network Control Program]] (NCP).{{Ref RFC|1000}} In the early 1970s, DARPA started work on several other data transmission technologies, including mobile packet radio, packet satellite service, local area networks, and other data networks in the public and private domains. In 1972, [[Bob Kahn]] joined the DARPA [[Information Processing Technology Office]], where he worked on both satellite packet networks and ground-based radio packet networks, and recognized the value of being able to communicate across both. In the spring of 1973, [[Vinton Cerf]] joined Kahn with the goal of designing the next protocol generation for the ARPANET to enable [[internetworking]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |url=http://archive.org/details/wherewizardsstay00haf_vgj |title=Where wizards stay up late : the origins of the Internet |last2=Lyon |first2=Matthew |date=1996 |publisher=New York : Simon & Schuster |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-684-81201-4 |page=263}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Russell |first1=Andrew L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqroAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |title=Open standards and the digital age: history, ideology, and networks |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge Univ Press |isbn=978-1107039193 |___location=New York |page=196 |access-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-date=December 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228072845/https://books.google.com/books?id=jqroAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA196 |url-status=live }}</ref> They drew on the experience from the ARPANET research community, the [[International Network Working Group]], which Cerf chaired, and researchers at [[Xerox PARC]].<ref name="ZVVpe">{{Cite book|last=Abbate|first=Janet|author-link=Janet Abbate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA123|title=Inventing the Internet|date=2000|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-51115-5|pages=123–4|language=en|access-date=May 15, 2020|archive-date=January 17, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117175132/https://books.google.com/books?id=E2BdY6WQo4AC&pg=PA123|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Taylor |first=Bob |title=Oral History of Robert (Bob) W. Taylor |date=October 11, 2008 |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2013/05/102702015-05-01-acc.pdf |journal=Computer History Museum Archive |volume=CHM Reference number: X5059.2009 |page=28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |url=http://archive.org/details/innovatorshowgro0000isaa_p2p3 |title=The innovators : how a group of hackers, geniuses, and geeks created the digital revolution |date=2014 |publisher=New York : Simon & Schuster |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-1-4767-0869-0}}</ref>

By the summer of 1973, Kahn and Cerf had worked out a fundamental reformulation, in which the differences between local network protocols were hidden by using a common [[internetwork protocol]], and, instead of the network being responsible for reliability, as in the existing ARPANET protocols, this function was delegated to the hosts. Cerf credits [[Louis Pouzin]] and [[Hubert Zimmermann]], designers of the [[CYCLADES]] network, with important influences on this design.<ref name="YSZAX">{{Cite journal|last1=Cerf|first1=V.|last2=Kahn|first2=R.|date=1974|title=A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication|url=https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf|journal=IEEE Transactions on Communications|volume=22|issue=5|pages=637–648|doi=10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259|issn=1558-0857|quote=The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.|access-date=October 18, 2015|archive-date=October 10, 2022|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="MevuR">{{cite news|date=13 December 2013|title=The internet's fifth man|work=Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its|access-date=11 September 2017|quote=In the early 1970s Mr Pouzin created an innovative data network that linked locations in France, Italy and Britain. Its simplicity and efficiency pointed the way to a network that could connect not just dozens of machines, but millions of them. It captured the imagination of Dr Cerf and Dr Kahn, who included aspects of its design in the protocols that now power the internet.|archive-date=April 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419230318/https://www.economist.com/news/technology-quarterly/21590765-louis-pouzin-helped-create-internet-now-he-campaigning-ensure-its|url-status=live}}</ref> The new protocol was implemented as the [[Transmission Control Program]] in 1974 by Cerf, [[Yogen Dalal]] and Carl Sunshine.{{Ref RFC|675}}