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[[File:Mount Bromo (2012).JPG|thumb|[[Mount Bromo]] in [[Malang]], East Java]]
Java lies between [[Sumatra]] to the west and [[Bali]] to the east. [[Borneo]] lies to the north, and [[Christmas Island]] is to the south. It is the world's 13th largest island. Java is surrounded by the [[Java Sea]] to the north, the [[Sunda Strait]] to the west, the [[Indian Ocean]] to the south and [[Bali Strait]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://geography.name/java/|title=Java|publisher=geography.name|access-date=27 June 2024|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627082947/https://geography.name/java/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and [[Madura Strait]] in the east.<ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/islands/java-island.html|title=Java Island|date=24 August 2021 |publisher=WorldAtlas.com|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
Java is almost entirely of volcanic origin; it contains 38 mountains forming an east–west spine that have at one time or another been active volcanoes. There are 112 volcanoes in all, 35 of which are active. The highest volcano in Java is Mount [[Semeru]], {{Convert|3676|m|ft}}. The most active volcano in Java and also in Indonesia is [[Mount Merapi]], {{Convert|2930|m|ft}}.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pravitasari|first=Andrea Emma|title=Study on Impact of Urbanization and Rapid Urban Expansion in Java and Jabodetabek Megacity, Indonesia|journal=Geography, Environmental Science|date=24 September 2015|volume=|issue=|page=18|doi=10.14989/doctor.k19347|s2cid=131526829|url=}}</ref> In total, Java has more than 150 mountains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Java-island-Indonesia|title=Java|date=23 June 2024 |publisher=[[Britannica]]|access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref>
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Islam became the dominant religion in Java at the end of the 16th century. During this era, the Islamic kingdoms of [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Sultanate of Cirebon|Cirebon]], and [[Banten Sultanate|Banten]] were ascendant. The [[Mataram Sultanate]] became the dominant power of central and eastern Java at the end of the 16th century. The principalities of Surabaya and Cirebon were eventually subjugated such that only Mataram and Banten were left to face the Dutch in the 17th century.
Java’s Islamic tradition is known for its tolerance and harmony among faiths. Local religious organizations actively promote peace and inclusivity, reflecting broader values of coexistence in Indonesian society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/39aeba42-aa85-48b0-9e51-5bfac8de8ae4/content |archive-url=
===Colonial periods===
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