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By 1938, the [[United States Navy]] had developed the [[Torpedo Data Computer]], an electromechanical analog computer for [[submarine|submarines]] that used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During [[World War II]], similar devices were developed in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parmar |first=Sunil |date=2021-09-23 |title=Restoration of the TDC MARK III aboard USS PAMPANITO |url=https://archive.navalsubleague.org/1995/restoration-of-the-tdc-mark-m-aboard-pampanito |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=NSL Archive |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Z3 Deutsches Museum.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Replica of [[Konrad Zuse]]'s [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], the first fully automatic, digital (electromechanical) computer (1938–1941)]]
Early digital computers were [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using [[vacuum tube]]s. The [[Z2 (computer)|Z2]], created by German engineer [[Konrad Zuse]] in 1939 in [[Berlin]], was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.<ref name="Part 4 Zuse">{{cite web|url=http://www.epemag.com/zuse/part4a.htm|title=Part 4: Konrad Zuse's Z1 and Z3 Computers|last=Zuse|first=Horst|work=The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse|publisher=EPE Online|access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601210541/http://www.epemag.com/zuse/part4a.htm |archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref>
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