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=== Digital computers ===
==== Electromechanical ====
[[Claude Shannon]]'s 1937 [[A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits|master's thesis]] laid the foundations of digital computing, with his insight of applying Boolean algebra to the analysis and synthesis of switching circuits being the basic concept which underlies all electronic digital computers.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=081H96F1enMC |title=A Brief History of Computing |date=2008 |publisher=Springer London |isbn=978-1-84800-083-4 |editor-last=O’Regan |editor-first=Gerard |___location=London |pages=28 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-1-84800-084-1}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tse |first=David |author-link=David Tse |date=2020-12-22 |title=How Claude Shannon Invented the Future |url=https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-claude-shannons-information-theory-invented-the-future-20201222/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Quanta Magazine}}</ref>
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By 1938, the [[United States Navy]] had developed the [[Torpedo Data Computer]], an electromechanical analog computer for [[submarine|submarines]] that used trigonometry to solve the problem of firing a torpedo at a moving target. During [[World War II]], similar devices were developed in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parmar |first=Sunil |date=2021-09-23 |title=Restoration of the TDC MARK III aboard USS PAMPANITO |url=https://archive.navalsubleague.org/1995/restoration-of-the-tdc-mark-m-aboard-pampanito |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=NSL Archive |language=en-US}}</ref>
[[File:Z3 Deutsches Museum.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|Replica of [[Konrad Zuse]]'s [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]], the first fully automatic, digital (electromechanical) computer
Early digital computers were [[electromechanics|electromechanical]]; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using [[vacuum tube]]s. The [[Z2 (computer)|Z2]], created by German engineer [[Konrad Zuse]] in 1939 in [[Berlin]], was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.<ref name="Part 4 Zuse">{{cite web|url=http://www.epemag.com/zuse/part4a.htm|title=Part 4: Konrad Zuse's Z1 and Z3 Computers|last=Zuse|first=Horst|work=The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse|publisher=EPE Online|access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601210541/http://www.epemag.com/zuse/part4a.htm |archive-date=1 June 2008}}</ref>
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