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==History==
[[File:GeneticCode21-version-2.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|The genetic code]]{{Further|Adaptor hypothesis}}
Efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after [[Nucleic acid double helix|DNA's structure]] was discovered in 1953. The key discoverers, English biophysicist [[Francis Crick]] and American biologist [[James Watson]], working together at the [[Cavendish Laboratory]] of the University of Cambridge, hypothesied that information flows from DNA and that there is a link between DNA and proteins.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Watson |first1=J. D. |last2=Crick |first2=F. H. |date=1953-05-30 |title=Genetical implications of the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid |journal=Nature |volume=171 |issue=4361 |pages=964–967 |doi=10.1038/171964b0 |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=13063483 |bibcode=1953Natur.171..964W |s2cid=4256010}}</ref> Soviet-American physicist [[George Gamow]] was the first to give a workable scheme for protein synthesis from DNA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Stegmann |first=Ulrich E. |date=2016-09-01 |title='Genetic Coding' Reconsidered: An Analysis of Actual Usage |journal=The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=707–730 |doi=10.1093/bjps/axv007 |issn=0007-0882 |pmc=4990703 |pmid=27924115}}</ref> He postulated that sets of three bases (triplets) must be employed to encode the 20 standard amino acids used by living cells to build proteins, which would allow a maximum of {{nowrap|4{{smallsup|3}} {{=}} 64}} amino acids (all permutations of the four bases, read three at a time).<ref name="isbn0-465-09138-5">{{
In 1954, Gamow created an informal scientific organisation the [[RNA Tie Club]], as suggested by Watson, for scientists of different persuasions who were interested in how [[Translation (biology)|proteins were synthesised]] from genes. However, the club could have only 20 permanent members to represent each of the 20 amino acids; and four additional honorary members to represent the four nucleotides of DNA.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Strauss |first=Bernard S |date=2019-03-01 |title=Martynas Yčas: The "Archivist" of the RNA Tie Club |url=https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.118.301754 |journal=Genetics |volume=211 |issue=3 |pages=789–795 |doi=10.1534/genetics.118.301754 |issn=1943-2631 |pmc=6404253 |pmid=30846543}}</ref>
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|last1 = Budisa|first1 = Nediljko| date = 2005-12-23
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However, there are different opinions, concepts, approaches and ideas, which is the best way to change it experimentally.
| last1 = Kubyshkin | first1 = V.
| last2 = Budisa | first2 = N.
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