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The first well-known public presentation of markup languages in computer text processing was made by [[William W. Tunnicliffe]] at a conference in 1967, although he preferred to call it ''generic coding.'' It can be seen as a response to the emergence of programs such as [[RUNOFF]] that each used their own control notations, often specific to the target typesetting device. In the 1970s, Tunnicliffe led the development of a standard called GenCode for the publishing industry and later was the first chairman of the [[International Organization for Standardization]] committee that created [[SGML]], the first standard descriptive markup language. [[Book design|Book designer]] Stanley Rice published speculation along similar lines in 1970.<ref>Rice, Stanley. “Editorial Text Structures (with some relations to information structures and format controls in computerized composition).” American National Standards Institute, March 17, 1970.</ref>
[[Brian Reid (computer scientist)|Brian Reid]], in his 1980 dissertation at [[Carnegie Mellon University]], developed the theory and a working implementation of descriptive markup in actual use. However, [[IBM]] researcher [[Charles Goldfarb]] is more commonly seen today as the "father" of markup languages. Goldfarb hit upon the basic idea while working on a primitive [[document management system]] intended for law firms in 1969, and helped invent [[IBM Generalized Markup Language|IBM GML]] later that same year. GML was first publicly disclosed in 1973.
In 1975, Goldfarb moved from [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] to [[Silicon Valley]] and became a product planner at the [[IBM Almaden Research Center]]. There, he convinced IBM's executives to deploy GML commercially in 1978 as part of IBM's Document Composition Facility product, and it was widely used in business within a few years.
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====HTML====
{{Main|HTML}}
In 1989, computer scientist [[Tim Berners-Lee|Sir Tim Berners-Lee]] wrote a memo proposing an [[Internet]]-based [[hypertext]] system,<ref>Tim Berners-Lee, "[https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html Information Management: A Proposal]". CERN (March 1989, May 1990). W3C. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401051011/https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html |date=2010-04-01 }}</ref> then specified HTML and wrote the browser and server software in the last part of 1990. The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags", first mentioned on the Internet by Berners-Lee in late 1991.<ref name="tagshtml">{{cite web |url=https://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Tags.html |title=Tags used in HTML |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium |date=November 3, 1992 |access-date=2021-08-16 |archive-date=2010-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131184344/http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/MarkUp/Tags.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991SepOct/0003.html|title=First mention of HTML Tags on the www-talk mailing list|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=October 29, 1991|access-date=August 16, 2021|archive-date=August 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808223716/https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991SepOct/0003.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It describes 18 elements comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the [[hyperlink]] tag, these were strongly influenced by [[SGMLguid]], an in-house [[SGML]]-based documentation format at [[CERN]], and very similar to the sample schema in the SGML standard. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements|title=Index of elements in HTML 4|publisher=World Wide Web Consortium|date=December 24, 1999|access-date=2021-08-16|archive-date=2007-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505172415/https://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-html401-19991224/index/elements|url-status=live}}</ref>
Berners-Lee considered HTML an SGML application. The [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] (IETF) formally defined it as such with the mid-1993 publication of the first proposal for an HTML specification: [https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt "Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)" Internet-Draft] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103041713/https://www.w3.org/MarkUp/draft-ietf-iiir-html-01.txt |date=2017-01-03 }} by Berners-Lee and [[Dan Connolly (computer scientist)|Dan Connolly]], which included an SGML [[Document Type Definition]] to define the grammar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991NovDec/0020.html|title=Re: SGML/HTML docs, X Browser (archived www-talk mailing list post)|author=Tim Berners-Lee|author-link=Tim Berners-Lee|date=December 9, 1991|quote=SGML is very general. HTML is a specific application of the SGML basic syntax applied to hypertext documents with a simple structure.|access-date=August 16, 2021|archive-date=July 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703084047/https://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-talk/1991NovDec/0020.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many of the HTML text elements are found in the 1988 ISO technical report TR 9537 ''Techniques for using SGML'', which in turn covers the features of early text formatting languages such as that used by the [[TYPSET and RUNOFF|RUNOFF command]] developed in the early 1960s for the [[Compatible Time-Sharing System|CTSS]] (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting commands were derived from those used by typesetters to manually format documents. [[Steven DeRose]]<ref>DeRose, Steven J. "The SGML FAQ Book". Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997. {{ISBN|0-7923-9943-9}}</ref> argues that HTML's use of descriptive markup (and the influence of SGML in particular) was a major factor in the success of the Web, because of the flexibility and [[extensibility]] that it enabled. HTML became the main markup language for creating web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser and is likely the most used markup language in the world today.
===XML===
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