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== Modern trends in systems architecture ==
With the increasing complexity of [[Digital electronics|digital systems]], modern systems architecture has evolved to incorporate advanced principles such as [[Modularity|modularization]], microservices, and [[artificial intelligence]]-driven optimizations. [[Cloud computing]], edge computing, and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) have also influenced architectural decisions, enabling more scalable, secure, and [[Fault tolerance|fault-tolerant]] designs.
One of the most significant shifts in recent years has been the adoption of Software-Defined Architectures (SDA), which decouple hardware from [[software]], allowing systems to be more flexible and adaptable to changing requirements.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ruiqi |last2=Niu |first2=Yiru |last3=Zhao |first3=Yue |last4=Peng |first4=Haiyang |date=2022 |editor-last=Liu |editor-first=Shuai |editor2-last=Ma |editor2-first=Xuefei |title=Software Architecture Evolution and Technology Research |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-94551-0_54 |journal=Advanced Hybrid Information Processing |language=en |___location=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |pages=708–720 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-94551-0_54 |isbn=978-3-030-94551-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref> This trend is particularly evident in network architectures, where [[Software-defined networking|Software-Defined Networking (SDN)]]{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} and [[Network function virtualization|Network Function Virtualization (NFV)]] enable more dynamic management of [[Network topology|network]] resources.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Ziemann |first=Jörg |title=Enterprise Architecture in a Nutshell |date=2022 |work=Fundamentals of Enterprise Architecture Management: Foundations for Steering the Enterprise-Wide Digital System |pages=23–60 |editor-last=Ziemann |editor-first=Jörg |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-96734-5_2 |access-date=2025-03-03 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-96734-5_2 |isbn=978-3-030-96734-5|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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* Manufacturing Systems Architecture: Manufacturing system architectures integrate automation, [[robotics]], IoT, and AI-driven decision-making to optimize production workflows. Emerging trends include [[Industry 4.0]], cyber-physical systems (CPS), and [[Digital twin|digital twins]], enabling predictive [[maintenance]] and real-time monitoring.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Markusheska |first=Nastasija |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Venkatachalam |last3=Walther |first3=Jan-Niclas |last4=Gindorf |first4=Alex |last5=Biedermann |first5=Jörn |last6=Meller |first6=Frank |last7=Nagel |first7=Björn |date=2022-07-01 |title=Implementing a system architecture model for automated aircraft cabin assembly processes |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13272-022-00582-6 |journal=CEAS Aeronautical Journal |language=en |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=689–703 |doi=10.1007/s13272-022-00582-6 |issn=1869-5590|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Cloud and Edge Computing Architecture: With the shift toward cloud-based infrastructures, [[Cloud computing|cloud architecture]] defines how resources are distributed across data centers and virtualized environments. [[Edge computing]] architecture extends this by processing data closer to the source, reducing [[Latency (engineering)|latency]] for applications like autonomous vehicles, industrial automation, and smart cities.<ref name=":0" />
* AI-Driven System Architecture: [[Artificial intelligence|Artificial
== See also ==
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