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Android's variant of the Linux kernel has further architectural changes that are implemented by Google outside the typical Linux kernel development cycle, such as the inclusion of components like device trees, ashmem, ION, and different [[out of memory]] (OOM) handling.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Are The Major Changes That Android Made To The Linux Kernel? |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2013/05/13/what-are-the-major-changes-that-android-made-to-the-linux-kernel/ |website=[[Forbes]] |date=May 13, 2013 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104090354/http://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2013/05/13/what-are-the-major-changes-that-android-made-to-the-linux-kernel/ |archive-date=January 4, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=LMG Upstreaming |url=https://wiki.linaro.org/LMG/Kernel/Upstreaming |website=Linaro |date=December 5, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063643/https://wiki.linaro.org/LMG/Kernel/Upstreaming |archive-date=January 9, 2018 |access-date=June 26, 2017 }}</ref> Certain features that Google contributed back to the Linux kernel, notably a power management feature called "wakelocks",<ref>{{cite web |first=Brian |last=Proffitt |title=Garrett's LinuxCon Talk Emphasizes Lessons Learned from Android/Kernel Saga |url=https://www.linux.com/news/garretts-linuxcon-talk-emphasizes-lessons-learned-androidkernel-saga |website=[[LinuxCon]] |publisher=[[Linux Foundation]] |date=August 10, 2010 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629190535/https://www.linux.com/news/garretts-linuxcon-talk-emphasizes-lessons-learned-androidkernel-saga |archive-date=June 29, 2017 }}</ref> were initially rejected by [[Mainline Linux|mainline kernel]] developers partly because they felt that Google did not show any intent to maintain its own code.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Meyer |title=Linux developer explains Android kernel code removal |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-developer-explains-android-kernel-code-removal/ |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=February 3, 2010 |access-date=March 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015045139/http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-developer-explains-android-kernel-code-removal/ |archive-date=October 15, 2016 }}</ref><ref name="hartman">{{cite web |first=Greg |last=Kroah-Hartman |author-link=Greg Kroah-Hartman |title=Android and the Linux kernel community |url=http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/android-kernel-problems.html |website=Linux kernel monkey log |date=December 9, 2010 |access-date=June 20, 2017}}</ref> Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community,<ref>{{cite web |first=Paula |last=Rooney |title=DiBona: Google will hire two Android coders to work with kernel.org |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/dibona-google-will-hire-two-android-coders-to-work-with-kernel-org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617005554/http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/dibona-google-will-hire-two-android-coders-to-work-with-kernelorg/6274 |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=April 15, 2010 |archive-date=June 17, 2010 |url-status=live |access-date=March 11, 2017}}</ref> but [[Greg Kroah-Hartman]], the current Linux kernel maintainer for the stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.<ref name="hartman" /> Google engineer Patrick Brady once stated in the company's developer conference that "Android is not Linux",<ref name="ars introduction developer">{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Paul |title=Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/02/an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704115615/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/02/an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers/ |archive-date=July 4, 2017 }}</ref> with ''[[Computerworld]]'' adding that "Let me make it simple for you, without Linux, there is no Android".<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |title=Android/Linux kernel fight continues |url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2469087/mobile-apps/android-linux-kernel-fight-continues.html |website=[[Computerworld]] |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=September 7, 2010 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214190045/http://www.computerworld.com/article/2469087/mobile-apps/android-linux-kernel-fight-continues.html |archive-date=February 14, 2017 }}</ref> ''[[Ars Technica]]'' wrote that "Although Android is built on top of the Linux kernel, the platform has very little in common with the conventional desktop Linux stack".<ref name="ars introduction developer" />
In August 2011, [[Linus Torvalds]] said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years".<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven J. |last=Vaughan-Nichols |title=Linus Torvalds on Android, the Linux fork |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-on-android-the-linux-fork/ |website=[[ZDNet]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=August 18, 2011 |access-date=March 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218053104/http://www.zdnet.com/article/linus-torvalds-on-android-the-linux-fork/ |archive-date=February 18, 2017 }}</ref> In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android [[Device driver|drivers]], patches and features back into the Linux kernel, starting in Linux 3.3.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Android-drivers-to-be-included-in-Linux-3-3-kernel-1400996.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208130029/http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Android-drivers-to-be-included-in-Linux-3-3-kernel-1400996.html|archive-date=December 8, 2013 |title=Android drivers to be included in Linux 3.3 kernel |author=Chris von Eitzen |work=h-online.com |date=December 23, 2011 |access-date=February 15, 2012}}</ref> Linux included the autosleep and wakelocks capabilities in the 3.5 kernel, after many previous attempts at a merger. The interfaces are the same but the upstream Linux implementation allows for two different suspend modes: to memory (the traditional suspend that Android uses), and to disk (hibernate, as it is known on the desktop).<ref>{{cite web|last=Jonathan|first=Corbet|title=Autosleep and wakelocks|date=February 7, 2012 |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/479841/|publisher=LWN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826165126/http://lwn.net/Articles/479841/|archive-date=August 26, 2012}}</ref> Google maintains a public code repository that contains their experimental work to [[rebasing|re-base]] Android off the latest stable Linux versions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTMxMzc |title=Google Working On Android Based On Linux 3.8 |date=February 28, 2013 |access-date=February 28, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302004730/http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTMxMzc |archive-date=March 2, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pocketdroid.net/google-working-on-experimental-linux-kernel-3-10-for-android/ |title=Google working on experimental Linux Kernel 3.10 for Android |publisher=Pocketdroid.net |access-date=September 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827220633/http://www.pocketdroid.net/google-working-on-experimental-linux-kernel-3-10-for-android/ |archive-date=August 27, 2013 }}</ref>
Android is a [[Linux distribution]] according to the [[Linux Foundation]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/blogs/browse/2012/12/what-year-linux-please-join-us-celebration |title=What a Year for Linux: Please Join us in Celebration |first=Amanda |last=McPherson |publisher=Linux Foundation |date=December 13, 2012 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417232521/http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/blogs/browse/2012/12/what-year-linux-please-join-us-celebration |archive-date=April 17, 2014 }}</ref> Google's open-source chief [[Chris DiBona]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://derstandard.at/1308186313932/Interview-Google-Android-is-the-Linux-desktop-dream-come-true |title=Google: "Android is the Linux desktop dream come true" |first=Andreas |last=Proschofsky |work=derStandard.at |date=July 10, 2011 |access-date=March 14, 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422021245/http://derstandard.at/1308186313932/Interview-Google-Android-is-the-Linux-desktop-dream-come-true |archive-date=April 22, 2013 }}</ref> and several journalists.<ref>{{cite web |first=Jerry |last=Hildenbrand |title=Ask AC: Is Android Linux? |url=http://www.androidcentral.com/ask-ac-android-linux |website=Android Central |publisher=Mobile Nations |date=November 8, 2012 |access-date=March 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408213437/http://www.androidcentral.com/ask-ac-android-linux |archive-date=April 8, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itworld.com/open-source/369810/android-really-linux-distribution |title=Is Android really a Linux distribution? |first=Jim |last=Lynch |work=ITworld |date=August 20, 2013 |access-date=April 17, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205165359/http://www.itworld.com/open-source/369810/android-really-linux-distribution |archive-date=February 5, 2014 }}</ref> Others, such as Google engineer Patrick Brady, say that Android is not Linux in the traditional [[Unix-like]] Linux distribution sense; Android does not include the [[GNU C Library]] (it uses [[Bionic (software)|Bionic]] as an alternative C library) and some other components typically found in Linux distributions.<ref name="APIs">{{cite web |first=Ryan |last=Paul |title=Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/02/an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers/ |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=February 24, 2009 |access-date=March 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312064709/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/02/an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers/ |archive-date=March 12, 2017 }}</ref>
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According to a January 2015 [[Gartner]] report, "Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014, and will continue to grow at a double-digit pace in 2015, with a 26 percent increase year over year." This made it the first time that any general-purpose operating system has reached more than one billion end users within a year: by reaching close to 1.16 billion end users in 2014, Android shipped over four times more than [[iOS]] and [[OS X]] combined, and over three times more than [[Microsoft Windows]]. Gartner expected the whole mobile phone market to "reach two billion units in 2016", including Android.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2954317 |publisher=Gartner |title=Tablet Sales Continue to Be Slow in 2015: Tablet Sales to Reach 8 Percent Growth in 2015 While PC Market to Grow 1 Percent |date=January 5, 2015 |access-date=January 23, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208082554/http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2954317 |archive-date=February 8, 2015 }}</ref> Describing the statistics, Farhad Manjoo wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that "About one of every two computers sold today is running Android. [It] has become Earth's dominant computing platform."<ref name="Murky road despite dominance" />
According to a [[Statistica]]'s estimate, Android smartphones had an installed base of 1.8 billion units in 2015, which was 76% of the estimated total number of smartphones worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/385001/smartphone-worldwide-installed-base-operating-systems/ |title=Installed base of smartphones by operating system in 2015 (in million units) |publisher=Statistica |access-date=November 1, 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012045013/https://www.statista.com/statistics/385001/smartphone-worldwide-installed-base-operating-systems/ |archive-date=October 12, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statista.com/statistics/385022/smartphone-worldwide-installed-base-operating-systems-share/ |title=Market share of smartphone OS of total smartphone installed base in 2013 and 2014 |publisher=Statistica |access-date=February 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218183636/http://www.statista.com/statistics/385022/smartphone-worldwide-installed-base-operating-systems-share/ |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref>{{Efn|To put the Statistica's numbers in context: by Strategy Analytics estimates, [[Windows]], the most popular "desktop" operating system, was estimated to have an installed base of about 1.3 billion at best;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.strategyanalytics.com/default.aspx?mod=pressreleaseviewer&a0=5608 |title=Replacement Demand to Boost PC Sales in 2015, says Strategy Analytics: More than 70 percent of Developed Market Households Will Continue to Own PCs through 2018 |publisher=Strategy Analytics |access-date=February 18, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218191002/https://www.strategyanalytics.com/default.aspx?mod=pressreleaseviewer&a0=5608 |archive-date=February 18, 2015 }}</ref> they also estimate the overall tablet installed base to be already of comparable size to the PC market and predict tablets will have surpassed them by 2018.}} Android has the largest installed base of any [[mobile operating system]] and, since 2013, the highest-selling operating system overall<ref name="more than Windows" /><ref name="best_selling">{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/androids-share-of-the-computing-market-2014-3 |title=This Chart Shows Google's Incredible Domination Of The World's Computing Platforms |first=Jay |last=Yarow |date=March 28, 2014 |access-date=April 23, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425031734/http://www.businessinsider.com/androids-share-of-the-computing-market-2014-3 |archive-date=April 25, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="mahapatra1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/android-vs-ios-whats-most-popular-mobile-operating-system-your-country-1464892 |title=Android Vs. iOS: What's The Most Popular Mobile Operating System In Your Country? |first=Lisa |last=Mahapatra |website=[[International Business Times]] |date=November 11, 2013 |access-date=January 30, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222195559/http://www.ibtimes.com/android-vs-ios-whats-most-popular-mobile-operating-system-your-country-1464892 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="elmer1">{{cite news|url=http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2014/01/10/apple-android-kantar-comscore/ |title=Don't mistake Apple's market share for its installed base |publisher=CNN |first=Philip |last=Elmer-DeWitt |date=January 10, 2014 |access-date=January 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140130052343/http://tech.fortune.cnn.com/2014/01/10/apple-android-kantar-comscore/ |archive-date=January 30, 2014 }}</ref><ref name="sammobile1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sammobile.com/2014/05/01/samsung-sells-more-smartphones-than-all-major-manufacturers-combined-in-q1/|title=Samsung sells more smartphones than all major manufacturers combined in Q1|date=May 2014 |access-date=May 12, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512215847/http://www.sammobile.com/2014/05/01/samsung-sells-more-smartphones-than-all-major-manufacturers-combined-in-q1/|archive-date=May 12, 2014}}</ref> with sales in 2012, 2013 and 2014<ref>{{cite news |url=http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats/a |title=Global mobile statistics 2014 Part A: Mobile subscribers; handset market share; mobile operators |publisher=mobiThinking |date=May 2014 |access-date=September 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906115310/http://mobithinking.com/mobile-marketing-tools/latest-mobile-stats/a |archive-date=September 6, 2014 }}</ref><!--950.5 (2014) + 793.6 (2013) + 500.1 (2012) + 121.0 (2013 tablet) + 53.3 (2012 tablet) = 2,418.5 millions (1,468 m excluding the 2014 estimate)--> close to the installed base of all PCs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://readwrite.com/2013/12/10/smartphone-pcs-install-base-2014 |title=The Post-PC Era Begins In Earnest Next Year: In 2014, smartphones will most likely eclipse PCs in terms of the number of devices in use around the world |first=Dan |last=Rowinski |
In the second quarter of 2014, Android's share of the global smartphone shipment market was 84.7%, a new record.<ref>{{cite web |first=Juan |last=Martinez |title=84.7% of all global smartphone shipments run Android |url=http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/84-7-of-all-global-smartphone-shipments-feature-the-android-platform-1261548 |website=[[TechRadar]] |publisher=[[Future plc]] |date=August 14, 2014 |access-date=October 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181332/http://www.techradar.com/news/phone-and-communications/mobile-phones/84-7-of-all-global-smartphone-shipments-feature-the-android-platform-1261548 |archive-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Ruddock |title=IDC: Android Now Accounts For 84.7% Of All Smartphone Shipments, Grew 33.3% Year-Over-Year This Quarter |url=http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/08/14/idc-android-now-accounts-for-84-7-of-all-smartphone-shipments-grew-33-3-year-over-year-this-quarter/ |website=Android Police |publisher=Illogical Robot |date=August 14, 2014 |access-date=October 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181910/http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/08/14/idc-android-now-accounts-for-84-7-of-all-smartphone-shipments-grew-33-3-year-over-year-this-quarter/ |archive-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref> This had grown to 87.5% worldwide market share by the third quarter of 2016,<ref>{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Walter |title=Report: Nearly 90 percent of smartphones worldwide run Android |url=https://www.greenbot.com/article/3138394/android/report-nearly-90-percent-of-smartphones-worldwide-run-android.html |website=Greenbot |publisher=[[International Data Group]] |date=November 3, 2016 |access-date=October 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011232456/https://www.greenbot.com/article/3138394/android/report-nearly-90-percent-of-smartphones-worldwide-run-android.html |archive-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref> leaving main competitor [[iOS]] with 12.1% market share.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ananya |last=Bhattacharya |title=Android just hit a record 88% market share of all smartphones |url=https://qz.com/826672/android-goog-just-hit-a-record-88-market-share-of-all-smartphones/ |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]] |publisher=[[Atlantic Media]] |date=November 3, 2016 |access-date=October 11, 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011182249/https://qz.com/826672/android-goog-just-hit-a-record-88-market-share-of-all-smartphones/ |archive-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref>
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