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Industrial data processing emerged in the mid-20th century with the introduction of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) <ref>{{Citation |last=Bolton |first=W. |chapter=Programmable Logic Controllers |date=2015 |pages=1–22 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802929-9.00001-7 |access-date=2025-07-19 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-802929-9.00001-7 |isbn=978-0-12-802929-9}}</ref>and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems <ref>'''Boyer, S.A.,''' 2009. ''SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition''. 4th ed. Research Triangle Park, NC: International Society of Automation (ISA).</ref>. These technologies allowed industrial operators to monitor and control machinery using digital inputs and outputs.
During the 1970s and 1980s, the integration of computer numerical control (CNC) systems and distributed control systems (DCS) advanced the field, allowing greater automation and data handling at scale<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bell |first=R. |date=January 1985 |title=A Review of:"Computer Control of Manufacturing Systems." By YORAM KOREN. (McGraw-Hill International Book Company, 1983.) [Pp. 287.] Price £8-95. |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00207548508928066 |journal=International Journal of Production Research |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=841–842 |doi=10.1080/00207548508928066 |issn=0020-7543|url-access=subscription }}</ref>. The proliferation of sensors and industrial networks laid the groundwork for Industry 4.0, where cloud computing, edge processing, and artificial intelligence are increasingly embedded in industrial environments <ref>{{Citation |last=Gisi |first=Philip J. |title=The Dark Factory |date=2024-01-04 |work=The Dark Factory and the Future of Manufacturing |pages=3–19 |url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781032688152-2 |access-date=2025-07-19 |place=New York |publisher=Productivity Press |doi=10.4324/9781032688152-2 |isbn=978-1-032-68815-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref>.
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