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An early academic PPU research project<ref>S. Yardi, B. Bishop, T. Kelliher, "[http://www.cs.scranton.edu/%7Ebishop/2006acmse.pdf HELLAS: A Specialised Architecture for Interactive Deformable Object Modeling]", ACM Southeast Conference, Melbourne, FL, March 10–12, 2006, pp. 56–61.</ref><ref>B. Bishop, T. Kelliher, "[http://www.cs.scranton.edu/%7Ebishop/TCSVT.ps Specialized Hardware for Deformable Object Modeling]," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 13(11):1074–1079, Nov. 2003.</ref> named SPARTA (Simulation of Physics on A Real-Time Architecture) was carried out at Penn State<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cse.psu.edu/~mdl/sparta/ |title=SPARTA Homepage |publisher=Cse.psu.edu |access-date=2010-08-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100730051043/http://www.cse.psu.edu/~mdl/sparta/ |archive-date=2010-07-30 }}</ref> and University of Georgia. This was a simple [[FPGA]] based PPU that was limited to two dimensions. This project was extended into a considerably more advanced [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]]-based system named HELLAS.
February 2006 saw the release of the first dedicated PPU [[PhysX]] from [[Ageia]] (later merged into [[nVidia|Nvidia]]). The unit is most effective in accelerating [[particle systems]], with only a small performance improvement measured for rigid body physics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/2001/4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100908034558/http://www.anandtech.com/show/2001/4 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 8, 2010 |title=Exclusive: ASUS Debuts AGEIA PhysX Hardware |publisher=AnandTech |access-date=2010-08-16}}</ref> The Ageia PPU is documented in depth in their US patent application #20050075849.<ref>{{cite web |title=United States Patent Application: 0050086040 |url=http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050075849%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050075849&RS=DN/20050075849 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210071733/http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsrchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1=%2220050075849%22.PGNR.&OS=DN/20050075849&RS=DN/20050075849 |archive-date=2020-02-10 |access-date=2010-08-16 |publisher=Appft1.uspto.gov}}</ref> Nvidia/Ageia no longer produces PPUs and hardware acceleration for physics processing, although it is now supported through some of their graphics processing units.
<gallery class="center" caption="Academic PPU research projects">
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