Low-level programming language: Difference between revisions

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== Assembly language ==
{{Main|Assembly language}}
Second-generation languages provide one abstraction level on top of the machine code. In the early days of coding on computers like [[TX-0]] and [[PDP-1]], the first thing [[MIT]] [[Hacker culture|hackers]] did werewas to write assemblers.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|last=Levy|first=Stephen|year=1994|title=Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution|title-link=Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution|publisher=Penguin Books|page=32|isbn=0-14-100051-1}}</ref>
Assembly language has little [[Semantics (computer science)|semantics]] or formal specification, being only a mapping of human-readable symbols, including symbolic addresses, to [[opcode]]s, [[memory address|addresses]], numeric constants, [[string (computer science)|strings]] and so on. Typically, one [[machine instruction (computing)|machine instruction]] is represented as one line of assembly code, commonly called a ''mnemonic''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Machine Language/Assembly Language/High Level Language |url=https://www.cs.mtsu.edu/~xyang/2170/computerLanguages.html |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=www.cs.mtsu.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214053921/https://www.cs.mtsu.edu/~xyang/2170/computerLanguages.html |archive-date=2024-12-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Assemblers produce [[object file]]s that can [[linker (computing)|link]] with other object files or be [[loader (computing)|loaded]] on their own.