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== History ==
{{Main|History of numerical weather prediction}}
[[File:Two women operating ENIAC (full resolution).
The [[history of numerical weather prediction]] began in the 1920s through the efforts of [[Lewis Fry Richardson]], who used procedures originally developed by [[Vilhelm Bjerknes]]<ref name="Lynch JCP"/> to produce by hand a six-hour forecast for the state of the atmosphere over two points in central Europe, taking at least six weeks to do so.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Simmons |first1=A. J. |last2=Hollingsworth |first2=A. |date=2002 |title=Some aspects of the improvement in skill of numerical weather prediction |url=https://doi.org/10.1256/003590002321042135 |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |volume=128 |issue=580 |pages=647–677 | doi=10.1256/003590002321042135|bibcode=2002QJRMS.128..647S |s2cid=121625425 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Lynch JCP">{{cite journal|last=[[Peter Lynch (meteorologist)|Lynch]]|first=Peter|title=The origins of computer weather prediction and climate modeling|journal=[[Journal of Computational Physics]]|date=March 2008|volume=227|issue=7|pages=3431–44|doi=10.1016/j.jcp.2007.02.034|bibcode=2008JCoPh.227.3431L|url=http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/personal/miskandarani/Courses/MPO662/Lynch,Peter/OriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf|access-date=2010-12-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708191309/http://www.rsmas.miami.edu/personal/miskandarani/Courses/MPO662/Lynch,Peter/OriginsCompWF.JCP227.pdf|archive-date=2010-07-08}}</ref><ref name="Lynch Ch1">{{cite book|last=Lynch|first=Peter|title=The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction|url=https://archive.org/details/emergencenumeric00lync|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85729-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/emergencenumeric00lync/page/n11 1]–27|chapter=Weather Prediction by Numerical Process}}</ref> It was not until the advent of the computer and [[computer simulation]]s that computation time was reduced to less than the forecast period itself. The [[ENIAC]] was used to create the first weather forecasts via computer in 1950, based on a highly simplified approximation to the atmospheric governing equations.<ref name="Charney 1950"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Storm Watchers|page=[https://archive.org/details/stormwatcherstur00cox_df1/page/208 208]|year=2002|author=Cox, John D.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=978-0-471-38108-2|url=https://archive.org/details/stormwatcherstur00cox_df1/page/208}}</ref> In 1954, [[Carl-Gustav Rossby]]'s group at the [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]] used the same model to produce the first operational forecast (i.e., a routine prediction for practical use).<ref name="Harper BAMS">{{cite journal|last=Harper|first=Kristine|author2=Uccellini, Louis W. |author3=Kalnay, Eugenia |author4=Carey, Kenneth |author5= Morone, Lauren |title=2007: 50th Anniversary of Operational Numerical Weather Prediction|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|date=May 2007|volume=88|issue=5|pages=639–650|doi=10.1175/BAMS-88-5-639|bibcode=2007BAMS...88..639H|doi-access=free}}</ref> Operational numerical weather prediction in the United States began in 1955 under the Joint Numerical Weather Prediction Unit (JNWPU), a joint project by the [[U.S. Air Force]], [[U.S. Navy|Navy]] and [[U.S. Weather Bureau|Weather Bureau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=American Institute of Physics|date=2008-03-25|url=http://www.aip.org/history/sloan/gcm/ |title=Atmospheric General Circulation Modeling|access-date=2008-01-13 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080325084036/http://www.aip.org/history/sloan/gcm/ |archive-date = 2008-03-25}}</ref> In 1956, [[Norm Phillips|Norman Phillips]] developed a mathematical model which could realistically depict monthly and seasonal patterns in the troposphere; this became the first successful [[climate model]].<ref name="Phillips">{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Norman A.|title=The general circulation of the atmosphere: a numerical experiment|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|date=April 1956|volume=82|issue=352|pages=123–154|doi=10.1002/qj.49708235202|bibcode=1956QJRMS..82..123P}}</ref><ref name="Cox210">{{cite book|title=Storm Watchers|page=[https://archive.org/details/stormwatcherstur00cox_df1/page/210 210]|year=2002|author=Cox, John D.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=978-0-471-38108-2|url=https://archive.org/details/stormwatcherstur00cox_df1/page/210}}</ref> Following Phillips' work, several groups began working to create [[general circulation model]]s.<ref name="Lynch Ch10">{{cite book|last=Lynch|first=Peter|title=The Emergence of Numerical Weather Prediction|url=https://archive.org/details/emergencenumeric00lync|url-access=limited|year=2006|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85729-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/emergencenumeric00lync/page/n216 206]–208|chapter=The ENIAC Integrations}}</ref> The first general circulation climate model that combined both oceanic and atmospheric processes was developed in the late 1960s at the [[NOAA]] [[Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/climate_model/welcome.html|title=The First Climate Model|author=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|date=2008-05-22|access-date=2011-01-08}}</ref>
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