In 2004 Thomas DeMarse at the [[University of Florida]] used a culture of 25,000 neurons taken from a rat's brain to fly a [[F-22]] fighter jet [[aircraft simulator]]. After collection, the cortical neurons were cultured in a [[petri dish]] and reconnected themselves to form a living neural network. The cells were arranged over a grid of 60 electrodes and used to control the [[Aircraft principal axes|pitch]] and [[Aircraft principal axes|yaw]] functions of the simulator. The study's focus was on understanding how the human brain performs and learns computational tasks at a cellular level.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/11/02/brain.dish/ |title='Brain' in a dish flies flight simulator |work=CNN |date=4 November 2004}}</ref>
==Collaborative BCIs==
The idea of combining/integrating brain signals from multiple individuals was introduced at Humanity+ @Caltech, in December 2010, by Adrian Stoica, who referred to the concept as multi-brain aggregation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-05|title=David Pearce – Humanity Plus|url=https://activistjourneys.wordpress.com/david-pearce-humanity-plus/|access-date=2021-12-30|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|vauthors=Stoica A|date=2010|title=Speculations on Robots, Cyborgs & Telepresence|website=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqByb7VEnZk|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228222826/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqByb7VEnZk|archive-date=28 December 2021|access-date=28 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Experts to 'redefine the future' at Humanity+ @ CalTech |website=Kurzweil|url=https://www.kurzweilai.net/experts-to-redefine-the-future-at-humanity-caltech|access-date=2021-12-30|language=en-US}}</ref> A patent was applied for in 2012.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=WO2012100081A2|title=Aggregation of bio-signals from multiple individuals to achieve a collective outcome|gdate=2012-07-26|invent1=Stoica|inventor1-first=Adrian|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2012100081A2/en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Y, Jung TP | title = A collaborative brain-computer interface for improving human performance | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = e20422 | date = 2011-05-31 | pmid = 21655253 | pmc = 3105048 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0020422 | bibcode = 2011PLoSO...620422W | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eckstein MP, Das K, Pham BT, Peterson MF, Abbey CK, Sy JL, Giesbrecht B | title = Neural decoding of collective wisdom with multi-brain computing | journal = NeuroImage | volume = 59 | issue = 1 | pages = 94–108 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21782959 | doi = 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.07.009 | s2cid = 14930969 }}</ref> Stoica's first paper on the topic appeared in 2012, after the publication of his patent application.<ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Stoica A |title= 2012 Third International Conference on Emerging Security Technologies |chapter= MultiMind: Multi-Brain Signal Fusion to Exceed the Power of a Single Brain |date= September 2012 |pages=94–98 |doi=10.1109/EST.2012.47|isbn= 978-0-7695-4791-6 |s2cid= 6783719 }}</ref>
