Content deleted Content added
m clean up, typo(s) fixed: ’s → 's (3) |
|||
Line 3:
'''Joint All-Domain Command and Control''' or '''JADC2''' is the concept that the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] has developed to connect sensors from all branches of the armed forces into a [[Joint Artificial Intelligence Center#Network of networks|§ unified network]] powered by [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name=interdependency/><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lingel |first1=Sherrill |last2=Hagen |first2=Jeff |last3=Hastings |first3=Eric |last4=Lee |first4=Mary |last5=Sargent |first5=Matthew |last6=Walsh |first6=Matthew |last7=Zhang |first7=Li A. |last8=Blancett |first8=David |last9=Zhang |first9=Li A. |last10=Blancett |first10=David |date=2020-01-01 |title=Joint All Domain Command and Control for Modern Warfare: An Analytic Framework for Identifying and Developing Artificial Intelligence Applications |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/AD1106119 |language=en}}</ref><ref name= itnIenLayers >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/the-fraying-edge-limits-of-the-armys-global-network/ (29 August 2019) The Fraying Edge: Limits Of The Army's Global Network]</ref> These branches include the [[US Air Force|Air Force]], [[US Army|Army]], [[US Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and [[US Navy|Navy]], as well as [[US Space Force|Space Force]].
Each military branch has its initiative that contributes to JADC2; the Army has ''Project Convergence'',<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Project Convergence: An Experiment for Multidomain Operations |url=https://www.csis.org/analysis/project-convergence-experiment-multidomain-operations |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.csis.org |date=16 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> the Navy has ''Project Overmatch'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=2021-11-19 |title=Project Overmatch: What Is Behind this Navy Warfighting Program? |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/project-overmatch-what-behind-navy-warfighting-program-196527 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref> and the Air Force has the ''Advanced Battle Management System'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Osborn |first=Kris |date=2022-03-09 |title=The Advanced Battle Management System Turns Data Into a Weapon |url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/advanced-battle-management-system-turns-data-weapon-201070 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=The National Interest |language=en}}</ref><ref name= afRcoCR1 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/f-22-to-be-left-out-of-air-forces-abms-data-transfer-prototype-gao/ (17 Jan 2023) F-22 to be left out of Air
*Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/c2-comms/2023/01/18/f-22-cut-from-us-air-force-data-sharing-prototype/ (18 Jan 2023) F-22 cut from US Air Force data-sharing prototype] along with A-10s, KC-135s</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Air Force hosts service chiefs to discuss JADC2 |url=https://www.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3077228/air-force-hosts-service-chiefs-to-discuss-jadc2/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Air Force |date=29 June 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> also known as ''ABMS''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Demarest |first=Colin |date=2022-07-05 |title=AT&T, 26 other companies join Air Force's $950 million JADC2 effort |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/07/05/att-26-other-companies-join-air-forces-950-million-jadc2-effort/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref> The Space Force has the [[Space Development Agency]]'s ''National Defense Space Architecture'' ([[Hypersonic flight#Weapons|NDSA]]).<ref name= aboutUsSDA >[https://www.sda.mil/national-defense-space-architecture-ndsa-systems-technologies-and-emerging-capabilities-stec/ (2022) National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Systems, Technologies, and Emerging Capabilities (STEC)] About Us</ref><ref name= magnuson2019 >Stew Magnuson (19 September 2019) {{Cite web|url=https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2019/9/19/details-of-the-pentagon-new-space-architecture-revealed|title=Details of the Pentagon New Space Architecture Revealed|website=www.nationaldefensemagazine.org}}</ref><ref name=tRyanGamti >Tim Ryan [[Mitchell Institute]] [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/01/to-ensure-jadc2-and-to-win-in-future-conflicts-look-to-the-transport-layer-in-space/ (11 Jan 2023) To ensure JADC2, and to win in future conflicts, look to the transport layer in space] [[Ground Moving Target Identification]] (GMTI) and [[Air Moving Target Identification]] (AMTI)</ref> ''See [[#Outernet|§ Outernet]]''
Line 19:
== Infrastructure ==
{{anchor|JWCC}}
In 2017, a joint network (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure —[[Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure|JEDI]]) was proposed for DoD, with a single award meant for a single vendor for $10 billion. Competitive bidding was held, and an award was made but was protested by a competitor. In 2021, the award was canceled;<ref name= jediCancel >Andrew Eversden [https://www.c4isrnet.com/breaking-news/2021/07/06/pentagon-cancels-controversial-jedi-cloud-contract/ (6 Jul 2021) Pentagon cancels $10 billion JEDI cloud contract delayed by Microsoft, Amazon feud]</ref> in its place, multiple vendors for an interoperable, compatible network capability with multiple awards were envisioned, by 2022. This capability ([[Joint Warfighting Cloud Capability]] —JWCC) is to be for $9 billion spread among vendors and is meant to be awarded by mid-December 2022.<ref name= ebmsIn2023 /><ref name= jwccDec22 >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/smr/cloud/2022/11/07/pentagon-closing-in-on-9b-cloud-contract-award-after-scuttling-jedi/ (7 Nov 2022) Pentagon closing in on $9B cloud contract award after scuttling JEDI]</ref> Pentagon network officials began to envision JWCC as a necessary layer for JADC2.<ref name= jwccDec22 /> In early December 2022 JWCC was awarded to Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Oracle.<ref name= jwccAward >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/12/pentagon-awards-google-amazon-microsoft-oracle-9b-cloud-contract/ (7 Dec 2022) Pentagon awards Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Oracle $9B cloud contract] "JWCC is a multi-vendor, multi-cloud follow up to the infamous single-source Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) contract, which was worth up to $10 billion and canceled in 2021".</ref><ref name=jwccAward4 >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/12/07/amazon-google-microsoft-and-oracle-picked-for-9b-jedi-successor/ (7 Dec 2022) Amazon, Google, Microsoft and Oracle picked for $9B JEDI successor]</ref><ref name=armyCyber >Colin Demarest [https://www.c4isrnet.com/cyber/2022/08/24/army-it-leader-pledges-quicker-cloud-uptake-in-year-of-action/ (24 Aug 2022) Army IT leader pledges quicker cloud uptake in 'year of action'] Lt. Gen. John Morrison, deputy chief of staff, G-6. "The Army requested $16.6 billion in cyber and IT funding for fiscal 2023, which starts Oct. 1, or more than 9% of the
{{anchor|JWICS}}
Line 41:
Radio telephone operator (RATELO) <ref name= > [ ( ] </ref>}}-->
The Air Force's Common Tactical Edge Network joins 9 contractors, exploiting AI.<ref name= physicalConnectionReqs >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/defense-systems/2022/12/physical-challenges-way-pentagons-connect-everything-vision/380759/ (12 Swc 2022) The Physical Obstacles to the
{{anchor|Live, virtual, and constructive environment}}
Line 75:
*##Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles, which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
*##Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
*#NavWar</ref>{{rp|minute 17:45}}<ref name= usRussChina >Lt. Gen. Eric J. Wesley, U.S. Army, Chief Warrant Officer 5 Jon Bates, U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/May-June-2020/Wesley-Winning-Tomorrow/ (May-Jun 2020) To Change an Army—Winning Tomorrow] The MDO concept —TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1</ref> }}--><ref name="mdo,apg">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-13 |title=The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy |url=https://apgnews.com/community-news/news-briefs/the-u-s-army-modernization-strategy/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=APG News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215121632/https://apgnews.com/community-news/news-briefs/the-u-s-army-modernization-strategy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="sxsw2019,8mar">Anthony Small {{citation |publisher=US Army |url=https://www.army.mil/article/218531/futures_command_highlights_changes_new_structure_at_sxsw |date=13 March 2019| title=Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest}}</ref><ref name=mdo400people>Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-___domain-ops/ (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-___domain ops] "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"</ref><ref name="MDOps2018Concept">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. {{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=Army Multi-Domain Update: New HQs, Grey Zones, & The Art of The Unfeasible|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/12/army-multi-___domain-update-new-hqs-grey-zones-the-art-of-the-unfeasible/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}</ref> Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-___domain operations.<ref name=mdb >Gen. [[David G. Perkins]], U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/ (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War]</ref><ref name=7mar2019Aps >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/us-gets-its-ass-handed-to-it-in-wargames-heres-a-24-billion-fix/ (7 March 2019) US
*Jason Cutshaw [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329010526/https://www.army.mil/article/217620/smdc_supports_the_development_of_i2cews_battalions_for_multi_domain_operations (SMDC/ARSTRAT) (21 February 2019) SMDC supports the development of I2CEWS battalions for multi-___domain operations]
*Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/01/hack-jam-sense-shoot-army-creates-1st-multi-___domain-unit/ (24 Jan 2019) Hack, Jam, Sense & Shoot: Army Creates 1st Multi-Domain Unit] an MDO BN for Targeting, I Corps</ref><ref name=indoPacCom>US Army [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZ9e38B4sxQ (4 Sep 2018) U.S. Army Pacific Commander Gen. Robert Brown: State of the Pacific ]</ref> comprise a single unit<ref name="ai,mdc2">{{Cite web|last=Freedberg Jr|first=Sydney|date=2018-11-30|title=Forget The Terminator For Future Army AI: LTG Wesley|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/11/artificial-intelligence-key-to-commanding-future-army-ltg-wesley/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="multiDomainManeuver">{{Citation|title=AUSA Aviation Hot Topic 2018 - PANEL 1 - Multi Domain Maneuver|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wuAE5eIcFdA|language=en|access-date=2021-12-15}}</ref> for air, land,<ref name=smdMdo >Jason Cutshaw (USASMDC) [https://www.army.mil/article/225470/leader_gives_space_and_missile_defense_update_at_smd_symposium (8 August 2019) Leader gives space and missile defense update at SMD Symposium] Integrated fires across domains</ref> space,<ref name=Atlas5 >Stephen Clark [https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/08/08/atlas-5-launch-adds-to-u-s-militarys-secure-communications-satellite-network/ (8 August 2019) Atlas 5 launch adds to U.S. military's secure communications satellite network ] Air Force's fifth AEHF ([[Advanced Extremely High Frequency]]) communications satellite</ref><ref name=tacticalSpace>Office of the Chief of Public Affairs [https://www.dvidshub.net/video/715345/2019-ausa-warriors-corner-tacticalspace-delivering-future-force-space-capabilities (10.16.2019) 2019 AUSA Warriors Corner - TacticalSpace: Delivering Future Force Space Capabilities]
Line 85:
*[https://www.army.mil/article/233873/department_of_defense_tests_hypersonic_glide_body DoD (20 March 2020) Department of Defense tests hypersonic glide body] "The C-HGB – when fully fielded – will comprise the weapon's conventional warhead, guidance system, cabling, and thermal protection shield." Also: comments from LTG L. Neill Thurgood RCCTO</ref> possibly denoted a ''strategic fires'' battalion<ref name= slrc2023>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/10/16/strategic-long-range-cannon-preps-to-jump-its-first-tech-hurdle/ (14 Oct 2019) Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle] 2019 AUSA— targets 2023 prototype</ref><ref name="strategicFiresBN">{{Cite web|last=Judson|first=Jen|date=2019-06-05|title=Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=C4ISRNet|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MMhelLRhw7Jun19">{{Cite web|title=Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes|url=https://www.army.mil/article/222891/army_accelerates_delivery_of_directed_energy_hypersonic_weapon_prototypes|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref> (however I2CEWS support would likely be needed),{{efn|name= i2cews}} depending on the theater. In 2019, these capabilities were analyzed as part of a series of globally integrated exercises.<ref name=tp525,3,1>[https://archive.today/20190917022407/https://www.tradoc.army.mil/Portals/14/Documents/MDO/TP525-3-1_30Nov2018.pdf TRADOC Pamphlet 525-3-1 (6 December 2018) The U.S. Army in Multi-Domain Operations 2028] "describes how US Army forces, as part of the Joint Force, will militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit our adversaries in the future." [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf Link moved here]</ref><ref name=mdb,usaf,usa,2019 >Claire Heininger [https://www.army.mil/article/209672/army_air_force_team_on_sensor_to_shooter_prototype_for_multi_domain_battle (9 August 2018) Army, Air Force team on sensor to shooter prototype for multi-___domain battle]</ref><ref name=mdc2,usaf >Mark Pomerleau [https://www.c4isrnet.com/c2-comms/2018/04/11/in-the-move-to-multi-___domain-operations-what-gets-lost/ (11 April 2018) In the move to multi-___domain operations, what gets lost? ] The space, cyber, and information domains transcend geographic AoRs</ref> Using massive simulation<ref name=mdo400people/><ref name=reportCard >Dan Gouré [https://www.realcleardefense.com/articles/2019/08/02/army_futures_commands_report_card_after_its_first_year_114632.html (2 August 2019) Army Futures Command's Report Card After Its First Year] Need: MDO doctrine in DoD, Two theater operation at island & continent, augment BCTs with higher echelon capability</ref> the need for a [[#JointAllDomainC2|§new kind of command and control]] (now denoted ''JADC2'') to integrate this firepower was explored.<ref name=smdMdo/><ref name=dyneticsChgbLockheedLrhw>Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/hypersonics-army-awards-699m-to-build-first-missiles-for-a-combat-unit/ (30 August 2019) Hypersonics: Army Awards $699M To Build First Missiles For A Combat Unit] prototypes—Dynetics: Common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB); Lockheed: Long range hypersonic weapon (LRHW)
*Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, U.S. Army RCCTO [https://www.army.mil/article/226368/army_awards_hypersonic_weapon_system_contracts (30 August 2019) Army awards hypersonic weapon system contracts]</ref>
**The ability to punch through any standoff defense of a near-peer competitor is the goal which Futures Command is seeking.<ref name=standoff>Kerensa Crum [https://www.theredstonerocket.com/military_scene/article_dadc42e4-bea4-11e9-94c0-773e72931076.html CCDC Aviation & Missile Center Public Affairs (14 August 2019) Leader updates Army's modernization priorities ] Standoff</ref><ref name=summaryOfStandoff2018>Yasmin Tadjdeh [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2018/10/10/army-to-focus-on-defeating-enemies-standoff-capabilities (10/10/2018) Army to Focus on Defeating
{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}
Line 102:
***# Kinetic effect phase: Army shooters, using targeting data from aircraft and other sensors, fire on enemy targets.<ref name=ntwrkWarfareExprmt >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2020/09/inside-armys-fearless-messy-networked-warfare-experiment/168770/ (24 Sep 2020) Inside the Army's Fearless, Messy, Networked Warfare Experiment] Murray: Army software factory will start contributing.</ref>
***{{anchor|cjadc2Oct2020}} Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville will discuss the combination of MDO{{efn |name= mdoExplainer}} and JADC2 with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.<ref name="convergenceChiefs">{{Cite web|title=Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239363/army_to_build_on_results_from_first_project_convergence_exercise|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref> In October 2020 the Chiefs agreed that Futures Command, and the Air Force's A5 office will lead a two-year collaboration 'at the most "basic levels" by defining mutual standards for data sharing and service interfacing' in the development of Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2).<ref name="afcA5Cjadc2">{{Cite web|title=Army, Air Force form partnership, lay foundation for CJADC2 interoperability|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239598/army_air_force_form_partnership_lay_foundation_for_cjadc2_interoperability|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref>
**** The ability of the joint services to send data from machine to machine was exercised in front of several of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in April 2021; this is a prerequisite capability for Convergence of MDO and JADC2.<ref name=aberdeenApr2021 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2021/04/new-army-lab-tests-joint-tech-project-convergence/ (20 Apr 2021) New Army Lab Tests Joint Tech: Project Convergence] Joint Systems Integration Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground</ref><ref name = jsilPc21Jadc2Povermatch >Joseph Lacdan [https://www.army.mil/article/245164 (17 Apr 2021) Service leaders prioritize integration in joint effort to achieve overmatch] JSIL, Aberdeen: Preparation of data fabric for Project Convergence, ABMS JADC2, and Project Overmatch: Army - Air Force - Navy</ref><ref name= usafJadc2Contractors >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/09/23/siemens-29-others-added-to-air-forces-950-million-jadc2-contract/ (23 Sep 2022) Siemens, 29 others added to Air
* In July 2022 the 7th ASA(ALT) Doug Bush called for the formation of a large office on the scale of the Joint Counter-small UAS office, but for JADC2.<ref name= asaaltJadc2 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/07/army-acquisition-exec-pushes-for-joint-jadc2-office-large-scale-exercise/ (11 Jul 2022) Army acquisition exec pushes for joint JADC2 office, large-scale exercise]</ref> This would coordinate,<ref name= bong >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/07/11/pentagons-secret-jadc2-plan-evolving-official-says-as-lawmakers-seek-audit/ (11 Jul 2022)
{{anchor|JWC 3.0 coming}}In April 2023 Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 ([[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Modernizing the Army|JWC]] 3.0) was previewed.<ref name= jwc3Coming >Laura Heckmann [https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2023/4/5/joint-warfighting-concept-30-definitely-coming-official-says (5 Apr 2023) SEA-AIR-SPACE NEWS: Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 'Definitely Coming', Official Says] [[Heidi Shyu]]</ref> JWC 2.0 involved '°fires, °information, °logistics, and °command and control'.<ref name= jwc3Coming /> Released 27 August 2023, JWC 3.0 additionally involves °the ability to win in contested logistics,°information advantage, and °expanded maneuver. —ADM Christopher Grady.<ref name= jwc3Evolving>Jon Harper [https://defensescoop.com/2023/09/13/us-military-publishes-new-joint-warfighting-doctrine/ (13 Sep 2023) US military publishes new joint warfighting doctrine] Joint Warfighting Concept 3.0 was released 27 Aug 2023 as Joint Publication 1, Volume 1 —Joint Warfighting. An evolving Capability.</ref> Employment of crewed-uncrewed teaming to 'sense and make sense' of the situation, and to make that information rapidly available to the commanders will be an essential part of the Capability. Future Force Design is underway.<ref name= jwc3Evolving/><ref name= predecisionalUnderway >Ashley Rocque [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/09/good-healthy-debate-eyeing-the-indo-pacific-army-leaders-grapple-with-force-structure-shake-up/ (14 Sep 2023) 'Good, healthy debate': Eyeing the Indo-Pacific, Army leaders grapple with force structure shake up] [[James Rainey]]</ref>
Line 115:
[[File:National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) Transport layer.webp|thumb|right|Transport layer of the National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA)<ref name= ndsaCoverage2025 >Armament Facts [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MdL5niEIdE (21 Jul 2022) How The New Hypersonic Weapons Tracking Constellation Will Work] 16:45 minutes. 2 awards, each of 14 satellites due to launch in 2025.</ref>
<ref name= tranche0 >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/01/sda-to-demo-tracking-targeting-satellites-in-2022/ (21 Jan 2020) SDA To Demo Tracking & Targeting Satellites In 2022] Tranche0 Link-16. Summary of '''7-layer architecture'''.</ref>]]
JADC2 confers on the US the capability to "move data globally at scale". —Gen. [[Chance Saltzman]], US Space Force<ref name= mar23Launch >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/space-development-agency-readies-launch-of-first-satellites-for-comms-missile-tracking/ (29 Mar 2023) Space Development Agency readies launch of first satellites for comms, missile tracking]</ref><ref name= swacDesign >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/04/space-force-wraps-initial-plan-for-building-hybrid-commercial-military-outernet/ (26 Apr 2023) Space Force wraps initial plan for building 'hybrid' commercial/military 'outernet']</ref><ref name= swacTransportLayer >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/video/2023/04/26/the-us-is-rethinking-national-security-space-architecture-is-it-moving-fast-enough/ (26 Apr 2023) The US is rethinking national security space architecture. Is it moving fast enough?] 38:21 video. Col. Eric Felt; Mr. Nicholas Eftimiades</ref><ref name= outernet >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/space/2023/04/26/space-force-eyes-outernet-for-better-data-flow-in-orbit/ (26 Apr 2023) Space Force eyes 'outernet' for better data flow in orbit] Space Warfighting Analysis Center (SWAC) has analyzed Transport layer needs: Col. Felt. Use mesh networking, use commercial vendors</ref> By year-end 2025 there will be 126 [[Link-16]] satellites operating in orbit, transmitting data in a world-wide [[mesh network]].<ref name= 126link16Sats >Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2024/03/sdas-data-rely-missile-tracking-networks-to-be-operational-by-end-of-2025-tournear/ (18 Mar 2024)
==Notes and References ==
| |||