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==== Neuro-symbolic AI: integrating neural and symbolic approaches ====
{{Main|Neuro-symbolic AI}}
Neuro-symbolic AI attempts to integrate neural and symbolic architectures in a manner that addresses strengths and weaknesses of each, in a complementary fashion, in order to support robust AI capable of reasoning, learning, and cognitive modeling. As argued by [[Leslie Valiant|Valiant]]{{sfn|Valiant|2008}} and many others,{{sfn|Garcez|Besold|De Raedt|Földiák|2015}} the effective construction of rich computational [[cognitive model]]s demands the combination of sound symbolic reasoning and efficient (machine) learning models. [[Gary Marcus]], similarly, argues that: "We cannot construct rich cognitive models in an adequate, automated way without the triumvirate of hybrid architecture, rich prior knowledge, and sophisticated techniques for reasoning.",{{sfn|Marcus|2020|p=44}} and in particular:
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