|
</syntaxhighlight>
AnotherAn alternative to nested functions is the use of intermediate objects, rather than the pipe operator:
<syntaxhighlight lang="rout">
> print(num_mtcars_subset)
[1] 11
</syntaxhighlight>While the pipe operator can produce code that is easier to read, itinfluential isR advisableprogrammers like [[Hadley Wickham]] suggest to chain together at most 10-15 lines of code using this operator, asand wellsaving as to chunk codethem into [[Taskobjects (projecthaving management)|sub-tasks]]meaningful thatnames areto savedavoid into[[Code objectsobfuscating|code having meaningful namesobfuscation]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wickham |first=Hadley |url=https://r4ds.hadley.nz/ |title=R for data science: import, tidy, transform, visualize, and model data |last2=Çetinkaya-Rundel |first2=Mine |last3=Grolemund |first3=Garrett |date=2023 |publisher=O'Reilly |isbn=978-1-4920-9740-2 |edition=2nd |___location=Beijing; Sebastopol, CA |chapter=4 Workflow: code style |oclc=on1390607935 |chapter-url=https://r4ds.hadley.nz/workflow-style.html}}</ref>
The following is an example having fewer than 10 lines, which some readers may find difficult to grasp in the absence of intermediate named steps:<syntaxhighlight lang="r" line="1">(\(x, n = 42, key = c(letters, LETTERS, " ", ":", ")"))
strsplit(x, "")[[1]] |>
(Vectorize(\(chr) which(chr == key) - 1))() |>
(`+`)(n) |>
(`%%`)(length(key)) |>
(\(i) key[i + 1])() |>
paste(collapse = "")
)("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr")</syntaxhighlight>The following is a version of the preceding code that is easier to read:<syntaxhighlight lang="r">
default_key <- c(letters, LETTERS, " ", ":", ")")
f <- function(x, n = 42, key = default_key) {
split_input <- strsplit(x, "")[[1]]
results <- (Vectorize(\(chr) which(chr == key) - 1))(split_input) |>
(`+`)(n) |>
(`%%`)(length(key)) |>
(\(i) key[i + 1])()
combined_results <- paste(results, collapse = "")
return(combined_results)
}
f("duvFkvFksnvEyLkHAErnqnoyr")
</syntaxhighlight>
=== Object-oriented programming ===
The R language has native support for [[object-oriented programming]]. There are two native [[Application framework|frameworks]], the so-called S3 and S4 systems. The former, being more informal, supports single dispatch on the first argument, and objects are assigned to a class simply by setting a "class" attribute in each object. The latter is a system like the [[CLOS|Common Lisp Object System (CLOS)]], with formal classes (also derived from [[S (programming language)#S4|S]]) and generic methods, which supports [[multiple dispatch]] and [[multiple inheritance]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/base/html/UseMethod.html|title=Class Methods|access-date=2024-04-25}}</ref>
| 