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In August 2000, [[Microsoft]] and [[Intel]] worked to standardize [[Common Language Infrastructure]] (CLI) and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]. By December 2001, both were ratified [[Ecma International|by ECMA]] standards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-335.htm|title=Standard ECMA-335: Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)|date=June 2012|publisher=[[Ecma International|ECMA]]|edition=6|access-date=August 31, 2005|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629235609/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-335.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ecma-334">{{cite web|url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-334.htm|title=Standard ECMA-334: C# Language Specification|date=June 2006|publisher=[[Ecma International|ECMA]]|edition=4|access-date=August 31, 2005|archive-date=October 31, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031042906/http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/standards/Ecma-334.htm|url-status=dead }}</ref> [[International Organization for Standardization]] (ISO) followed in April 2003. The current version of ISO standards are ISO/IEC 23271:2012 and ISO/IEC 23270:2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=58046|title=ISO/IEC 23271:2012 Information technology – Common Language Infrastructure|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|date=February 13, 2012|edition=3|access-date=March 17, 2012|archive-date=March 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317142950/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=58046|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=42926|title=ISO/IEC 23270:2006 – Information technology – Programming languages – C#|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|date=January 26, 2012 |edition=2|access-date=April 1, 2008|archive-date=December 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206152217/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=42926|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Microsoft NET Logo.svg|thumb|The Original Microsoft .NET Logo]]
While Microsoft and their partners hold patents for CLI and C#, ECMA and ISO require that all patents essential to implementation be made available under "[[reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing|reasonable and non-discriminatory terms]]". The firms agreed to meet these terms, and to make the patents available royalty-free. However, this did not apply to the part of the .NET Framework not covered by ECMA-ISO standards, which included [[Windows Forms]], [[ADO.NET]], and [[ASP.NET]]. Patents that Microsoft holds in these areas may have deterred non-Microsoft implementations of the full framework.<ref>{{cite web|title=Microsoft's Empty Promise|url=http://www.fsf.org/news/2009-07-mscp-mono|work=[[Free Software Foundation]]|date=July 16, 2009 |first1=Brett |last1=Smith |quote=However, there are several libraries that are included with Mono, and commonly used by applications like Tomboy, that are not required by the standard. And just to be clear, we're not talking about Windows-specific libraries like ASP.NET and Windows Forms. Instead, we're talking about libraries under the System namespace that provide common functionality programmers expect in modern programming languages|access-date=August 3, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819101829/http://www.fsf.org/news/2009-07-mscp-mono/|archive-date=August 19, 2009|url-status=live|df=dmy}}</ref>
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