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In May 2019, researchers reported the creation of a new "Syn61" strain of the ''E. coli'' bacteria. This strain has a fully [[Synthetic biology#Synthetic life|synthetic]] genome that is refactored (all overlaps expanded), recoded (removing the use of three out of 64 codons completely), and further modified to remove the now unnecessary tRNAs and release factors. It is fully [[Genetic viability|viable]] and grows 1.6× slower than its wild-type counterpart "[[Escherichia coli#MDS42|MDS42]]".<ref name="NYT-20190515">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Scientists Created Bacteria With a Synthetic Genome. Is This Artificial Life? - In a milestone for synthetic biology, colonies of E. coli thrive with DNA constructed from scratch by humans, not nature. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/15/science/synthetic-genome-bacteria.html |archive-date=2022-01-02 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |date=15 May 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=16 May 2019 }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NAT-20190515">{{cite journal |author=Fredens, Julius |s2cid=205571025 |display-authors=et al. |title=Total synthesis of Escherichia coli with a recoded genome |date=15 May 2019 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=569 |issue=7757 |pages=514–518 |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1192-5 |pmid=31092918 |pmc=7039709 |bibcode=2019Natur.569..514F }}</ref>
In 2025, researchers reported a new "Syn57" strain, which removes the use of 7 out of 64 codons completely.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Wesley E. |last2=Rehm |first2=Fabian B. H. |last3=Spinck |first3=Martin |last4=Schumann |first4=Raffael L. |last5=Tian |first5=Rongzhen |last6=Liu |first6=Wei |last7=Gu |first7=Yangqi |last8=Kleefeldt |first8=Askar A. |last9=Day |first9=Cicely F. |last10=Liu |first10=Kim C. |last11=Christova |first11=Yonka |last12=Zürcher |first12=Jérôme F. |last13=Böge |first13=Franz L. |last14=Birnbaum |first14=Jakob |last15=van Bijsterveldt |first15=Linda |last16=Chin |first16=Jason W. |title=Escherichia coli with a 57-codon genetic code |journal=Science |date=31 July 2025 |doi=10.1126/science.ady4368|biorxiv=10.1101/2025.05.02.651837 }}</ref>
==Features==
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