Morse code: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 20:55, 23 August 2025

Revision as of 21:04, 23 August 2025

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=== Symbol representations ===

The symbols [''' ! '''], [''' $ '''], and [''' & '''] are not defined inside the official [[ITU-R]] ''International Morse Code Recommendation'',<ref name=ITU-R-M-1677/> but informal conventions for them exist. (The [''' @ '''] symbol was formally added in 2004. The [''' % '''] and ['''‰ ‰ '''] symbols both have recommended long encodings<!-- TODO fixme terminology -->.<ref name=ITU-R-M-1677/>)

; Exclamation mark : There is no standard representation for the [[exclamation mark]] [''' ! '''], although the {{sc| {{overline|KW}} }} [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] ({{morse|dash|dot|dash|dot|dash|dash}}) was proposed in the 1980s by the [[Heathkit]] Company.{{efn|[[Heathkit]] was a popular, long-standing vendor of kits for amateur radio equipment.}} While Morse code translation software prefers the Heathkit version, on-air use is not yet universal, as some amateur radio operators in North America and the Caribbean continue to use the older {{sc| {{overline|MN}} }} digraph ({{morse|dash|dash|dash|dot}}){{efn|name=exclamation_note| {{sc| {{overline|MN}} }} or {{sc| {{overline|OE}} }}, {{morse|dash|dash|dash|dot}}, which some telegraphers unofficially use for an exclamation mark [''' ! '''], is shared with unofficial letters {{sc|Ö}}, {{sc|Ó}}, and {{sc|Ø}} used in some non-Latin alphabets.}} copied over from [[American Morse code|American Morse landline code]].

; Currency symbols : The ITU has never formally codified any [[currency symbol]]s into Morse code: The unambiguous [[ISO 4217]] currency codes are preferred for transmission ([[CNY]], [[EUR]], [[GBP]], [[JPY]], [[South Korean won|KRW]], [[USD]], etc.).

: The {{char|[''' $}} '''] sign code was represented in the [[Phillips Code]]{{efn|The [[Phillips Code]] was a huge collection of abbreviations used on land line telegraphy.}} as two characters "{{sc|SX}}", which became merged into {{sc| {{overline|SX}} }} ({{morse|dot|dot|dot|dash|dot|dot|dash}}).

; Ampersand [''' & '''] : The suggested unofficial encoding of the [[ampersand]] {{char|[''' &}} '''] sign listed above,{{efn|name=E_S_for_&_note}} often shown as {{sc| {{overline|AS}} }}, is also the official Morse [[Prosigns for Morse code|prosign]] for ''wait''. In addition, the [[American Morse code|American Morse encoding]] for an ampersand ({{morse|dot|aspace|dot|dot|dot}}) was similar to {{sc|ES}} ({{morse|dot}}{{morse|dot|dot|dot}}) and [[Amateur radio operators|hams]] have nearly universally carried over this use as an abbreviation for "and" (e.g. {{sc|WX HR COLD ES RAINY}} "the weather here is cold and rainy").

; Keyboard "at" sign [''' @ '''] : On 24&nbsp;May 2004 – the 160th&nbsp;anniversary of the first public Morse telegraph transmission – the Radiocommunication Bureau of the International Telecommunication Union ([[ITU-R]]) formally added the {{char|@}} ("[[commercial at]]" or "commat") character to the official Morse character set, using the sequence denoted by the {{sc| {{overline|AC}} }} digraph: {{morse|dot|dash|dash|dot|dash|dot}}&nbsp;.<ref name=ITU-R-M-1677/><ref name=ARRL-News-2003-12-10/>

: This sequence was reported to have been chosen to represent "A[t] C[ommercial]", or a letter "a" inside a swirl represented by a letter "C". The new character facilitates sending [[email|e‑mail]] addresses by Morse code, and is notable since it is the first official addition to the Morse set of characters since [[World War I]].<ref name=ARRL-News-2003-12-10/>

; Percent [''' % '''] and permille [‰''' ‰ '''] signs

: [[Percent sign|Percent]] and [[Per mille sign|permille]] signs should be encoded with zeroes andseparated by a slash., Fromjoined to the preceding number they should be separated by a dash,; so e.g. “2“4%” would be transcribedsent as “2“4-0/0”, and “5‰” as “5-0/00”, and “6.7%” as “6.7-0/0”.<ref name=ITU-R-M-1677/>

===Diacritics and non-Latin extensions <span class="anchor" id="Non-Latin extensions"></span>===