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===Transcription stress===
[[DNA damage (naturally occurring)|DNA damages]] arise in each cell, every day, with the number of damages in each cell reaching tens to hundreds of thousands, and such DNA damages can impede primary transcription.<ref name = Milano2024>{{cite journal |vauthors=Milano L, Gautam A, Caldecott KW |title=DNA damage and transcription stress |journal=Mol Cell |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=70–79 |date=January 2024 |pmid=38103560 |doi=10.1016/j.molcel.2023.11.014 |url=|doi-access=free }} {{CC-notice|cc=by4}}</ref> The process of [[gene expression]] itself is a source of endogenous DNA damages resulting from the susceptibility of single-stranded DNA to damage.<ref name = Milano2024/> Other sources of DNA damage are conflicts of the primary transcription machinery with the [[DNA replication]] machinery, and the activity of certain enzymes such as [[topoisomerase]]s and [[base excision repair]] enzymes. Even though these processes are tightly regulated and are usually accurate, occasionally they can make mistakes and leave behind DNA breaks that drive [[chromosomal rearrangement]]s or [[cell death]].<ref name = Milano2024/>
==RNA processing==
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