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== Syntax ==
=== Hello world ===
The [["Hello, World!" program]] in V:<ref name="MUO"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=V Documentation |url=https://docs.vlang.io/ |access-date=2025-08-25 |website=docs.vlang.io}} {{Free-content attribution|title = V Documentation| license statement URL =https://github.com/vlang/v?tab=MIT-1-ov-file| license=The MIT License|this = yes}}</ref>
<syntaxhighlight lang="v">
fn main() {
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=== Variables ===
Variables are immutable by default and are defined using {{code|1=:=}} and a value. Use the {{code|mut}} [[reserved word]] (keyword) to make them mutable. Mutable variables can be assigned to using {{code|1==}}:{{sfn|Rao|2021|pp=28-40}}<ref name=":0" />
<syntaxhighlight lang="V">
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</syntaxhighlight>
Redeclaring a variable, whether in an inner scope or in the same scope, is not allowed:{{sfn|Rao|2021|pp=28-40}}<ref name=":0" />
<syntaxhighlight lang="V">
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=== Structs ===
Struct example:<ref name="Knott"/><ref name="section"/><ref name=":0" />
<syntaxhighlight lang="v">
struct Foo {
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=== Heap structs ===
By default, structs are allocated on the stack. When structs are referenced by using the prefix {{code|1=&}} or have the heap attribute, they are allocated on the heap instead:{{sfn|Rao|2021}}<ref name=":0" />
<syntaxhighlight lang="v">
struct Foo {
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[[Method (computer programming)|Methods]] in V are functions defined with a receiver [[Parameter (computer programming)|argument]]. The receiver appears in its own argument list between the fn keyword and the method name. Methods must be in the same [[Modular programming|module]] as the receiver type.
The enrolled_status method (below) has a receiver of type {{code|1=Client}} named {{code|1=x}}. The convention is not to use receiver names like self or this, but preferably a short name. For example:<ref name="Knott"/><ref name="nasufi"/><ref name=":0" /><syntaxhighlight lang="v">
struct Client {
enrolled bool
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Result types may represent an error returned from a function. Result types are declared by prepending {{code|!}}: {{code|!Type}}
Optional types may represent {{code|none}}. Option types prepend {{code|?}} to the type name: {{code|?Type}}.<ref name="Knott"/><ref name="section"/>{{Sfn|Tsoukalos|2022}}<ref name=":0" />
<syntaxhighlight lang="V">
fn something(t string) !string {
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