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Line 14: === RENATRAN === The very first standard for crate electronics was Renatran, which itself was derived from the Esone Standard published in 1964.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Renatran Basic Functional Units\|year=1967~~\|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4324413~~\|publisher=IEEE\|doi=10.1109/TNS.1967.4324413~~\|accessdate=5 October 2020~~\|last1=Fabre\|first1=R.\|last2=Gallice\|first2=P.\|last3=Raoult\|first3=N.\|last4=Robin\|first4=G.\|journal=IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science\|volume=14\|issue=1\|pages=170–188\|bibcode=1967ITNS...14..170F~~\|url-access=subscription~~}}</ref> This standard was in use mainly in France in nuclear research. The Renatran system consisted of a 5U rackable crate that could accept up to 8 single-width or up to 4 double width plug-in units, with the backplane supplying several power rails, as well as serial and parallel communications between modules, and between the rack and external equipment such as printers and computers.

Modular crate electronics: Difference between revisions