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{{AFC submission|||u=Harold Foppele|ns=118|ts=20250829012354}} <!-- Do not remove this line! -->
{{AFC comment|1=Might be LLM-generated <span class="nowrap">—[[User:pythoncoder|<span style="color:#004080">python</span><span style="color:olive">coder</span>]] ([[User talk:pythoncoder|talk]] | [[Special:Contribs/pythoncoder|contribs]])</span> 02:01, 29 August 2025 (UTC)}}
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{{Short description|Open-system approaches in quantum computing}}
{{Draft topics|physics}}
{{AfC topic|stem}}
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{{User:Harold_Foppele/Infobox quantum computing
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where {{math|{T}}} is the time-ordering operator, {{math|H}} is the reduced Planck constant, and {{math|U(t)}} is the time evolution operator.
Real devices are never perfectly isolated; interactions with [[particle physics|particles]], [[Phonon|phonons]], [[Photon|photons]], and [[Control engineering|control electronics]] affect [[qubit]]. Open-system methods capture these effects via [[Quantum channel|quantum channels]] or environment-dependent modifications to the generator of the time evolution.<ref name="BreuerPetruccione" /><ref name="RivasHuelga" />
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