Utente:BlackPanther2013/Sandbox/rapaci: differenze tra le versioni

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Nel 2004, una fototrappola sulle montagne della [[Sierra Madre Occidentale]] catturò le immagini del primo giaguaro nero documentato nel Messico settentrionale.<ref name=Dinets>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=V. Dinets e P. J. Polechla | anno=2005 | titolo=First documentation of melanism in the jaguar (''Panthera onca'') from northern Mexico | rivista=Cat News | volume=42 | p=18 | url=http://dinets.travel.ru/blackjaguar.htm | urlmorto=sì | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926024755/http://dinets.travel.ru/blackjaguar.htm}}</ref> Altri giaguari neri sono stati segnalati nella riserva biologica Alberto Manuel Brenes in Costa Rica, sulle montagne della [[Cordigliera di Talamanca]], nel [[parco nazionale Barbilla]] e nella parte orientale di [[Panama]].<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=M. C. Núñez e E. C. Jiménez | anno=2009 | titolo=A new record of a black jaguar, ''Panthera onca'' (Carnivora: Felidae) in Costa Rica | rivista=Brenesia | volume=71 | pp=67-68 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313473228 | accesso=12 aprile 2021 | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021258/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313473228_New_record_of_a_black_jaguar_Panthera_onca_Carnivora_Felidae_in_Costa_Rica | urlmorto=no}}</ref><ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=M. S. Mooring, A. A. Eppert e R. T. Botts | anno=2020 | titolo=Natural Selection of Melanism in Costa Rican Jaguar and Oncilla: A Test of Gloger's Rule and the Temporal Segregation Hypothesis | rivista=Tropical Conservation Science | volume=13 | pp=1-15 | doi=10.1177/1940082920910364}}</ref><ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=C. Sáenz-Bolaños, V. Montalvo, T. K. Fuller e E. Carrillo | anno=2015 | titolo=Records of black jaguars at Parque Nacional Barbilla, Costa Rica | rivista=Cat News | numero=62 | pp=38-39}}</ref><ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=M. Yacelga e K. Craighead | anno=2019 | titolo=Melanistic jaguars in Panama | rivista=Cat News | numero=70 | pp=39-41 | url=https://www.academia.edu/41977728 | accesso=17 aprile 2021 | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021257/https://www.academia.edu/41977728 | urlmorto=no}}</ref>

==Distribution andDistribuzione e habitat ==

{{Immagine multipla

{{multiple image |direction=vertical |align=right

| allinea = right

|image1=Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) female Piquiri River.JPG |caption1=A female jaguar at [[Piquirí River (São Lourenço)|Piquiri River]], [[Mato Grosso]] state, Brazil

| direzione = verticale

|image2=Jaguar (Panthera onca) male back in the water (29173428825).jpg |caption2=A jaguar in [[São Lourenço River (Mato Grosso)|São Lourenço River]]

| larghezza = 200

| titolo =

| immagine1 = Jaguar (Panthera onca palustris) female Piquiri River.JPG

| didascalia1 = Una femmina sul Rio Piquirí, nel [[Mato Grosso]] (Brasile).

|image2 immagine2 = Jaguar (Panthera onca) male back in the water (29173428825).jpg |caption2=A jaguar in [[São Lourenço River (Mato Grosso)|São Lourenço River]]

| didascalia2 = Un maschio nel Rio São Lourenço.

}}

Nel XIX secolo, era ancora possibile avvistare il giaguaro lungo il [[North Platte]] in [[Colorado]] e sulle coste della [[Louisiana]].<ref name="Daggett">{{cita pubblicazione | autore=P. M. Daggett e D. R. Henning | anno=1974 | titolo=The Jaguar in North America | rivista=American Antiquity | volume=39 | numero=3 | pp=465-469 | doi=10.2307/279437 | jstor=279437 | s2cid=160927286}}</ref> Nel 1919 ne furono segnalati avvistamenti nella regione di [[Monterey]], in California.<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=[[Clinton Hart Merriam|C. H. Merriam]] | anno=1919 | titolo=Is the Jaguar entitled to a place in the Californian fauna? | rivista=Journal of Mammalogy | volume=1 | numero=1 | pp=38-42 | doi=10.1093/jmammal/1.1.38 | url=https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-abstract/1/1/38/875846?redirectedFrom=fulltext | accesso=18 novembre 2018 | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118210048/https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-abstract/1/1/38/875846?redirectedFrom=fulltext | urlmorto=no}}</ref> Nel 1999, il suo areale storico agli inizi del XX secolo venne stimato in {{M|19000000}} di km², dagli Stati Uniti meridionali all'Argentina meridionale. Agli inizi del XXI secolo, l'areale si era ridotto a circa {{M|8750000}} di km²: la specie era divenuta piuttosto rara soprattutto negli Stati Uniti meridionali, nel Messico settentrionale, nel Brasile settentrionale e nell'Argentina meridionale.<ref name=Sanderson2002>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=E. W. Sanderson, K. H. Redford, C. L. B. Chetkiewicz, R. A. Medellin, [[Alan Rabinowitz|A. R. Rabinowitz]], J. G. Robinson e A. B. Taber | anno=2002 | titolo=Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model | rivista=Conservation Biology | volume=16 | numero=1 | pp=58-72 | url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/75d8d4f608e8e10f86dd0b1f2b35dce207decd76 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00352.x | pmid=35701976 | s2cid=3955250 | accesso=29 novembre 2019 | urlarchivio=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021309/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Planning-to-Save-a-Species%3A-the-Jaguar-as-a-Model-Sanderson-Redford/75d8d4f608e8e10f86dd0b1f2b35dce207decd76 | urlmorto=no}}</ref> Attualmente il suo areale, esteso dal Messico all'America meridionale, comprende [[Belize]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]] (dove è particolarmente diffuso nella [[penisola di Osa]]), [[Panama]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[Guyana francese]], [[Ecuador]], [[Perù]], [[Bolivia]], Brasile, [[Paraguay]] e [[Argentina]]. È considerato [[Estinzione locale|localmente estinto]] in [[El Salvador]] e [[Uruguay]].<ref name=iucn/>

{{See also|North American jaguar|South American jaguar}}

In the 19th century, the jaguar was still sighted at the [[North Platte River]] in [[Colorado]] and coastal [[Louisiana]].<ref name="Daggett">{{cite journal |author1=Daggett, P. M. |author2=Henning, D. R. |year=1974 |name-list-style=amp |title=The Jaguar in North America |journal=American Antiquity |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=465–469 |doi=10.2307/279437 |jstor=279437|s2cid=160927286}}</ref>

In 1919, sightings of jaguars were reported in the [[Monterey, California]] region.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Merriam, C.H. |author-link=Clinton Hart Merriam |year=1919 |title=Is the Jaguar entitled to a place in the Californian fauna? |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=38–42 |doi=10.1093/jmammal/1.1.38 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-abstract/1/1/38/875846?redirectedFrom=fulltext |access-date=18 November 2018 |archive-date=18 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118210048/https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article-abstract/1/1/38/875846?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1999, its historic range at the turn of the 20th century was estimated at {{cvt|19000000|km2}}, stretching from the southern United States through Central America to southern Argentina. By the turn of the 21st century, its global range had decreased to about {{cvt|8750000|km2}}, with most declines in the southern United States, northern Mexico, northern Brazil, and southern Argentina.<ref name=Sanderson2002>{{cite journal |last1=Sanderson |first1=E. W. |last2=Redford |first2=K. H. |last3=Chetkiewicz |first3=C. L. B. |last4=Medellin |first4=R. A. |last5=Rabinowitz |first5=A. R. |author5-link=Alan Rabinowitz |last6=Robinson |first6=J. G. |last7=Taber |first7=A. B. |year=2002 |name-list-style=amp |title=Planning to save a species: the jaguar as a model |journal=Conservation Biology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=58–72 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/75d8d4f608e8e10f86dd0b1f2b35dce207decd76 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00352.x |pmid=35701976 |s2cid=3955250 |access-date=29 November 2019 |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129021309/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Planning-to-Save-a-Species%3A-the-Jaguar-as-a-Model-Sanderson-Redford/75d8d4f608e8e10f86dd0b1f2b35dce207decd76 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Its present range extends from Mexico through Central America to South America comprising [[Belize]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], particularly on the [[Osa Peninsula]], [[Panama]], [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]], [[Guyana]], [[Suriname]], [[French Guiana]], [[Ecuador]], [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], Brazil, [[Paraguay]] and [[Argentina]]. It is considered to be [[locally extinct]] in [[El Salvador]] and [[Uruguay]].<ref name=iucn />

JaguarsDi havetanto beenin occasionallytanto sighteddei giaguari vengono avvistati in [[Arizona]], [[NewNuovo MexicoMessico]] ande [[Texas]].<ref>{{citecita journalpubblicazione |author1 autore=Brown, D. E. |author2=González,Brown e C. A. L. González |year anno=2000 |name-list-style=amp |titletitolo=Notes on the occurrences of jaguars in Arizona and New Mexico |journal rivista=The Southwestern Naturalist | volume=45 |issue numero=4 |pages pp=537–542537-542 | doi=10.2307/3672607 | jstor=3672607}}</ref><ref name=Pavlik>{{Citecita journalpubblicazione |last=Pavlik |firstautore=S. Pavlik |year anno=2003 |title titolo=Rohonas and spotted Lions: The historical and cultural occurrence of the Jaguar, ''Panthera onca'', among the native tribes of the American Southwest |journal rivista=Wíčazo Ša Review | volume=18 |issue numero=1 |pages pp=157–175157-175 | doi=10.1353/wic.2003.0006 | jstor=1409436 | s2cid=161236104}}</ref> Tra il 2012 e il 2015, un maschio senza dimora fissa è stato segnalato in 23 diverse località delle [[Santa Rita Mountains]].<ref>{{cita pubblicazione | autore=M. Culver | anno=2016 | capitolo=Jaguar surveying and monitoring in the United States | editore=U.S. Geological Survey | città=Reston, VA | doi=10.3133/ofr20161095}}</ref>

Between 2012 and 2015, a male [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] jaguar was recorded in 23 locations in the [[Santa Rita Mountains]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Culver, M. |title=Open-File Report |year=2016 |chapter=Jaguar surveying and monitoring in the United States |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |___location=Reston, VA |series=2016-1095 |doi=10.3133/ofr20161095 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The jaguar prefers dense forest and typically inhabits dry [[deciduous forest]]s, [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]], [[rainforest]]s and [[cloud forest]]s in Central and South America; open, seasonally flooded [[wetland]]s, dry [[grassland]] and historically also [[oak forest]]s in the United States. It has been recorded at elevations up to {{cvt|3800|m}} but avoids [[montane forest]]s. It favors riverine habitat and [[swamp]]s with dense vegetation cover.<ref name=CAP /> In the Mayan forests of Mexico and Guatemala, 11 GPS-collared jaguars preferred undisturbed dense habitat away from roads; females avoided even areas with low levels of human activity, whereas males appeared less disturbed by human population density.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Colchero, F. |author2=Conde, D. A. |author3=Manterola, C. |author4=Chávez, C. |author5=Rivera, A. |author6=Ceballos, G. |year=2011 |name-list-style=amp |title=Jaguars on the move: modeling movement to mitigate fragmentation from road expansion in the Mayan Forest |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1–9 |doi=10.1111/J.1469-1795.2010.00406.X |s2cid=62820463 |url=https://www.demogr.mpg.de/publications/files/4097_1300970681_1_ArticlePdf.pdf |access-date=14 March 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126211109/https://www.demogr.mpg.de/publications/files/4097_1300970681_1_ArticlePdf.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A young male jaguar was also recorded in the [[Semi-arid climate|semi-arid]] [[Sierra de San Carlos]] at a waterhole.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Caso, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Domínguez, E. F. |year=2018 |title=Confirmed presence of jaguar, ocelot and jaguarundi in the Sierra of San Carlos, Mexico |journal=Cat News |issue=68 |pages=31–32}}</ref>