Two-state solution: Difference between revisions

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The [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] has accepted the concept of a two-state solution since the 1982 Arab Summit, on the basis of an independent Palestinian state based in the West Bank, Gaza and East Jerusalem.<ref>{{cite book |first=Mark A. |last=Tessler |title=A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict |publisher=[[Indiana State University]] |___location=Bloomington |date=1994 |isbn=978-0253208736 |page=720 |quote=Inhabitants of the occupied territories and other Palestinians had shown serious interest in a two-state solution since the mid-1970s, and the mainstream of the PLO had since the 1982 Arab summit in Fez been officially committed to mutual recognition between Israel and a Palestinian state located in the West Bank and Gaza, with East Jerusalem as its capital. Support for a two-state solution had also informed PLO diplomacy in the mid-1980s, when Yasir Arafat worked with King Hussein in an effort to persuade the United States to recognize the Palestinian people's right to self-determination in return for PLO acceptance of UN [Resolution] 242.}}{{pb}}{{cite web|url=http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf |title=The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution |author=PLO Negotiations Affairs Department |date=13 November 2008 |access-date=6 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022554/http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}{{pb}}{{Cite book |last=Quigley |first=John |url=http://read.dukeupress.edu/books/book/969/The-Case-for-PalestineAn-International-Law |title=The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective |date=2005 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-3527-6 |language=en |doi=10.1215/9780822386766 |page=212}}</ref> In 2017, [[Hamas]] announced their [[2017 Hamas charter|revised charter]], which claims to accept the idea of a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders, but without recognising the statehood of Israel.<ref name="Al Jazeera-2017">{{cite news |date=2 May 2017 |title=Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/5/2/hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders |accessdate=3 November 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|Diplomatic efforts]] have centred around realizing a two-state solution, starting from the failed [[2000 Camp David Summit]] and [[the Clinton Parameters]], followed by the [[Taba Summit]] in 2001. The failure of the Camp David summit to reach an agreed two-state solution formed the backdrop to the commencement of the [[Second Intifada]], the violent consequences of which marked a turning point among both peoples’ attitudes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palti |first=Zohar |date=2023-09-08 |title=The Implications of the Second Intifada on Israeli Views of Oslo |url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/implications-second-intifada-israeli-views-oslo |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[Washington Institute for Near East Policy|The Washington Institute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Background & Overview of 2000 Camp David Summit |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/background-and-overview-of-2000-camp-david-summit |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Intifada |url=https://www.makan.org.uk/glossary/second_intifada/ |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Makan |quote=The Second Intifada starkly demonstrated the failure of years of negotiations, and marked a turning point in both internal Israeli and Palestinian politics. |archive-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924005815/https://www.makan.org.uk/glossary/second_intifada/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A two-state solution also formed the basis of the [[Arab Peace Initiative]], the [[Realignment plan|2006–2008 peace offer]], and the [[2013–14 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks|2013–14 peace talks]].

Currently there is no two-state solution proposal being negotiated between Israel and Palestinians. The [[Palestinian Authority]] supports the idea of a two-state solution;<ref name="CBC News-2024" /> Israel at times has also supported the idea, but currently rejects the creation of a Palestinian state.<ref name="Magid-2024" /> Long-serving Israeli prime minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] stated his objection to a Palestinian state on two separate occasions, in 2015 and 2023.<ref name="Azulay-2015" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-01 |title=Palestinians furious over Netanyahu claims that Israel must 'crush' statehood ambitions |url=https://www.jpost.com/arab-israeli-conflict/article-748435 |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com]] |language=en |issn=0792-822X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-26 |title=Netanyahu's call to block creation of Palestinian state sparks fury, condemnation |url=https://arab.news/ju7du |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> Former Israeli prime ministers [[Ehud Barak]] and [[Ehud Olmert]] in late 2023 expressed support for a two-state solution.<ref name="Cortellessa-2023">{{Cite magazine |last=Cortellessa |first=Eric |date=2023-11-06 |title=Former Israeli Prime Minister: Israel's Endgame in Gaza Should be a Palestinian State |url=https://time.com/6332127/israel-palestine-war-ehud-barak/ |access-date=2023-12-21 |magazine=[[TIME]]}}</ref><ref name="Ramsaran-2023" /> Public support among Israelis and Palestinians (measured separately) for "the concept of the two-state solution" have varied between above and below 50%, partially depending on how the question was phrased.

The major points of contention include the specific boundaries of the two states (though most proposals are based on the [[Green Line (Israel)|1967 lines]]), the [[status of Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli settlements]] and the [[Palestinian right of return|right of return of Palestinian refugees]]. Observers have described the current situation in the whole territory, with the [[Israeli occupation of the West Bank]] and [[blockade of the Gaza Strip]], as one of ''[[de facto]]'' Israeli sovereignty.<ref name="Iraqi-2021">{{Cite web |last=Iraqi |first=Amjad |date=2021-01-12 |title=Why B'Tselem is calling Israel an apartheid regime, from the river to the sea |url=https://www.972mag.com/btselem-israel-apartheid-supremacy/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=+972 Magazine}}</ref><ref name="IPS-2021">{{Cite web |date=January 12, 2021 |title=B'Tselem (Document): A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1650915 |access-date=November 28, 2023 |website=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]}}</ref> The two-state solution is an alternative to the one-state solution and what observers consider a ''de facto'' one-state reality.<ref name="Iraqi-2021" /><ref name="IPS-2021" /><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Barnett |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael N. Barnett |last2=Brown |first2=Nathan |author-link2=Nathan J. Brown (political scientist) |last3=Lynch |first3=Marc |author-link3=Marc Lynch |last4=Telhami |first4=Shibley |author-link4=Shibley Telhami |date=2023-04-14 |title=Israel's One-State Reality |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/middle-east/israel-palestine-one-state-solution |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=[[Foreign Affairs]] |volume=102 |issue=3 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref>