Daniel Toroitich arap Moi: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 14:02, 2 gen 2008

Versione delle 14:45, 2 gen 2008

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==Origini ed entrata in politica==

Moi è nato nel villaggio di Kurieng'wo , divisione amministrativa [[Sacho]], distretto di [[Baringo]], Provincia [[Rift Valley]], allevato dalla madre Kimoi Chebii successivamente alla morte precoce del padre. Completata la scuola secondaria, ha frequentato il Tambach Teachers Training College nel Distretto di [[Keiyo]]. Vi ha studiato dal [[1946]] al [[1955]].

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Nel [[1957]] Moi fu rieletto Membro del Legislative Council per la Rift Valley. Divenne Ministro dell'Istruzione nel Governo che precedette l'indipendenza nel periodo [[1960]]–1961.

==Vice-Presidenza==

Dopo l'indipendenza, il [[12 Dicembre]], [[1963]], Kenyatta convince Moi che i rispettivi partiti KADU e KANU devono unirsi per completare il processo di decolonizzazione. In Kenya pertanto si instaura di fatto un regime a partito unico, dominato dall'alleanza Kĩkũyũ-Luo. Con un riguardo particolare sulle terre fertili della rift valley abitate dai membri dell'etnia di Moi, le tribù dei Kalenjin, Kenyatta si assicura il suo appoggio, prima promuovendo Moi come Ministro dell'Interno nel [[1964]], e successivamente a Vice-Presidente del Kenya nel [[1967]]. Come membro delle tribù minoritarie Moi costituiva un compromesso accettabile dalle etnie maggioritarie. Moi fu eletto nell'Assemblea Nazionale, il Parlamento del Kenya nel 1963 per la Baringo North Constituency (distretto di Baringo del Nord). Dal 1966 sino al suo ritiro nel 2002 ha lavorato per la Baringo Central Constituency.

Moi fronteggiò l'opposizione dell'elite dei Kikuyu conosciuta come la Kiambu Mafia che avrebbe preferito uno dei suoi candidabili alla elezione a Presidente. Questo si tradusse in un tentativo di modifica della costituzione per evitare che il vice-presidente assumesse la carica automaticamente alla morte del Presidente. Tuttavia Kenyatta resistette alle pressioni e salvaguardò il ruolo di Moi.

==Presidenza==

Così alla morte di Kenyatta il [[22 Agosto]] [[1978]], Moi divenne presidente e prestò giuramento.

Godette di popolarità diffusa in tutto il Paese. Iniziò a ricercare un contatto diretto con le popolazioni, in antitesi con lo stile di Kenyatta, più chiuso nelle stanze del potere.

Political realities however dictated that he would continue to be beholden to the Kenyatta system which he had inherited intact, and he was still too weak to consolidate his power. The Kikuyu elite referred to him as "a passing cloud" and a "limping sheep that could not lead other sheep to the pasture", the implication being that he would be pushed aside in a short while to allow them back into power.

On [[August 1]], [[1982]], fate played into Moi's hands when forces loyal to his government defeated an attempted [[coup d'état|coup]] by Air Force officers led by [[Hezekiah Ochuka]] (see [[1982 Kenyan coup]]). To this day it appears that the attempt by two independent groups to seize power contributed to the failure of both, with one group making its attempt slightly earlier than the other.

Moi took the opportunity to dismiss political opponents and consolidate his power. He reduced the influence of Kenyatta's men in the cabinet through a long running judicial enquiry that resulted in the identification of key Kenyatta men as [[treason|traitors]]. Moi pardoned them but not before establishing their traitor status in the public view. The main conspirators in the coup, including Ochuka were sentenced to death, marking the last judicial executions in Kenya. He appointed supporters to key roles and changed the constitution to establish a ''de jure'' [[single-party state]].

Kenya's academics and other intelligentsia did not accept this and the universities and colleges became the origin of movements that sought to introduce democratic reforms. However, Kenyan [[secret police]] infiltrated these groups and many members moved into [[exile]]. Marxism could no longer be taught at Kenyan universities. Underground movements, e.g. Mwakenya and Pambana, were born.

Moi's regime now faced the end of the [[Cold War]], and an economy stagnating under rising oil prices and falling prices for agricultural commodities. At the same time the [[Western world|West]] no longer dealt with Kenya as it had in the past, when it was viewed as a strategic regional outpost against communist influences from Ethiopia and Tanzania. At that time Kenya had received much foreign [[aid]], and the country was accepted as being well governed with Moi as a legitimate leader and firmly in charge. The increasing amount of [[political repression]], including the use of [[torture]], at the infamous Nyayo House torture chambers had been deliberately overlooked. Some of the evidence of these torture cells were to be later exposed in 2003 after [[Mwai Kibaki]] became President.<ref>News From Africa, March 2003: [http://www.newsfromafrica.org/newsfromafrica/articles/art_1282.html Stunning revelations]</ref>

However, a new thinking emerged after the end of the Cold War, and as Moi became increasingly viewed as a [[despotism|despot]], aid was withheld pending compliance with economic and political reforms. One of the key conditions imposed on his regime, especially by the United States through fiery ambassador [[Smith Hempstone]], was the restoration of a [[multi-party system]]. Moi managed to accomplish this against fierce opposition, single handedly convincing the delegates at the KANU conference at Kasarani in December [[1991]].

Moi won elections in [[1992]] and [[1997]], which were marred by [[political killing]]s on both sides. Moi skillfully exploited Kenya's mix of ethnic tensions in these contests, with the ever present fear of the smaller tribes being dominated by the larger tribes. In the absence of an effective and organised opposition Moi had no difficulty in winning. Although it is also suspected that [[electoral fraud]] may have occurred, the key to his victory in both elections was a divided opposition.

[[Categoria:Biografie|Moi, Daniel Arap]]