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[[Image:Emperor_charles_v.png|thumb|right|250px|'''Charles V'''<br><small>Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain</small>]]
'''Charles V''' (Spanish: '''''Carlos V''''') ([[24 February]] [[1500]]–[[21 September]] [[1558]]) was effectively (the first) [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]] from [[1516]] to [[1556]] (in principle, he was from 1516 king of Aragon and from 1516 guardian of his insane mother, queen of Castile who died 1555, and the co-king of Castile 1516-55, full king 1555-56), and [[Holy Roman Emperor]] from [[1519]] to [[1556]]. In Spain, he ruled officially as '''Charles I''', though he is referred to by the ordinal he used as Holy Roman Emperor more often. He was the son of [[Philip I of Castile|Philip]] and [[Joanna of Castile]]. His maternal grandparents were [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]]. His paternal grandparents were [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[Mary of Burgundy|Marie, Duchess of Burgundy]].
==Family and nationality==
It is hard to say what nationality Charles really held. He was a [[Habsburg]] on his father's side, but he was not German. His mother tongue was [[French language|French]], that being the language of the aristocracy in the [[Low Countries]] (modern-day [[Belgium]], [[Luxembourg]], the French ''[[région]]'' of [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] and the [[Netherlands]]), where he grew up. In his youth, he made frequent visits to [[Paris]], then the largest city of Western Europe, which he thoroughly enjoyed, like most aristocrats of his day. In his words: "Paris is not a city, but a universe" (''Lutetia non urbs, sed orbis''). He also famously said: "I speak [[Spanish language|Spanish]] to [[God]], [[Italian language|Italian]] to women, [[French language|French]] to men and [[German language|German]] to my [[horse]]." Though his first language was French, in which he was known as ''Charles Quint'' (Charles the Fifth), he was a lifelong enemy of the [[Kings of France]]. His mother was Spanish, and Spain was the core of his kingdom, but he himself was not Spanish. He probably felt more at home in the Low Countries where he had spent his youth. In Spain, he always felt a foreign prince, and he was never totally assimilated.
==Early life==
Charles was born in [[Ghent]] and brought up in the [[Seventeen Provinces |Low Countries]] until [[1517]], where he was tutored by [[Adrian of Utrecht]], later [[Pope Adrian VI]]. His three most prominent subsequent advisors were [[Guillermo de Croÿ|Lord Chièvres]], [[Jean Sauvage]], and [[Mercurino Gattinara]]. In [[1506]], on the death of his father, Charles inherited the Low Countries and [[Franche-Comté]]. After the death of his grandfather [[Ferdinand V of Spain|Ferdinand]] in 1516, Charles became joint-king of [[Castile]] with his mother [[Joanna of Castile]] (who was insane), and also inherited [[Aragon]], [[Navarre]], [[Naples]], [[Sicily]] and [[Sardinia]] from his grandfather, and Castilian dependencies [[Granada]] and [[Spanish America]] (in the latter overseeing the conquest of the [[Aztec]] and [[Inca]] empires in the [[The Americas|Americas]], led by the Spanish [[conquistadors]]). Upon arriving in Castile and dismissing the regent [[Cardinal Cisneros]], he had to fight the [[Castilian War of the Communities]] against the cities and petty nobles who disliked his appointment of Flemings for Castilian offices. He eventually won and from then on Castilian [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] were keen on conceding him the vast resources needed for the numerous wars he waged in Europe. After the death of his other grandfather, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]], in 1519, he inherited [[Habsburg]] lands in [[Austria]] and was [[Prince-elector|elected]] Holy Roman Emperor on [[June 28]], [[1519]].
He married the Infanta [[Isabella]] in 1526, sister of [[John III of Portugal]], who had shortly before married Catherine, Charles's sister.
==Wars against France and the Reformation==
[[Image:PlusOultre Gent Copyright200406KaihsuTai.JPG|thumb|right|Plus Oultre on a gable of a Flemish house in Ghent, Charles V's birthplace]]
Charles V initiated many wars with [[France]] during his reign, first fighting against them in Northern Italy in [[1521]]. Later in the [[Italian Wars]], in [[1527]], his troops [[sack of Rome|sacked Rome]], causing Charles some embarrassment but enabling him to keep the Pope from annulling the marriage of [[Henry VIII]] of [[England]] and [[Catherine of Aragon]], who was his aunt.
As Holy Roman Emperor, he called [[Martin Luther]] to the [[Diet of Worms]] in 1521, promising him safe conduct if he would appear. He outlawed Luther and his followers in that same year but was tied up with other concerns and unable to try to stamp out Protestantism.
In a war supported by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] of [[England]], in [[1525]] Charles captured [[Francis I of France|François I of France]] and forced him to sign the [[Treaty of Madrid (1526)|Treaty of Madrid]], in which France renounced her claims to northern [[Italy]]. When he was released, however, François I had the Parliament of Paris denounce the treaty, because it had been signed under [[duress]]. The [[1529]] [[Treaty of Cambrai]] (signed with France) and the [[Peace of Barcelona]] (with the Pope) confirmed Charles as Holy Roman Emperor and also allowed him to keep the lands he had acquired in Italy.
[[1524]] to [[1526]] saw the [[Peasants' War|Peasants' Revolt]] in Germany and the formation of the Lutheran [[Schmalkaldic League]], and Charles delegated increasing responsibility for Germany to his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] while he concentrated on problems abroad.
==Wars against the Ottoman Empire==
He had been fighting with the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its sultan, [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], for a number of years. The expeditions of the Ottoman force along the Mediterranean coast posed a threat to Habsburg lands and the peace of Western Europe. In [[Central Europe]], the Turkish advance was halted at [[Vienna]] in [[1529]], which they [[Siege of Vienna|besieged]] unsucessfully. In [[1535]] Charles won an important victory at [[Tunis]], but in [[1536]] Francis I of France allied himself with Suleiman against Charles. While Francis was persuaded to sign a peace treaty in [[1538]], he again allied himself with the Ottomans in [[1542]]. In [[1543]] Charles allied himself with [[Henry VIII]] and forced Francis to sign the [[Truce of Crepy-en-Laonnois]]. Charles later signed a humiliating treaty with the Ottomans, to gain him some respite from the huge expenses of their war.
==The Council of Trent and other reforms==
[[Image:carlosv.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Charles V on a Spanish stamp]]
In [[1545]] the opening of the [[Council of Trent]] began the [[Counter-Reformation]], and Charles won to the Catholic cause some of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire. He also attacked the [[Schmalkaldic League]] in [[1546]] and defeated [[John Frederick, Elector of Saxony]] and imprisoned [[Philip of Hesse]] in [[1547]]. At the [[Augsburg Interim]] in [[1548]] he created a doctrinal compromise that he felt Catholics and Protestants alike might share. A more permanent settlement followed with the [[1555]] [[Peace of Augsburg]].
In [[1548]] he made the [[Seventeen Provinces]] of the Netherlands (Low Countries) an entity separate from both the Empire and from France (the "[[Pragmatic Sanction of 1548]]").
In [[1550]], Charles convened a conference at [[Valladolid]] in order to consider the morality of the force used against the indigenous populations of Spanish America.
In 1555, his mother, the Queen of Castile, died. Thus, he finally obtained the full kingship of that country.
==Abdication and later life==
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{{commons|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor}}
In [[1556]] Charles abdicated his various positions, giving his personal empire to his son, [[Philip II of Spain]], and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]]. Charles retired to the monastery of [[Yuste]] (Extremadura, Spain) and is thought to have had a nervous breakdown. He died in [[1558]]. In the last two decades of his life he suffered from [[gout]].
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| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="5" | Preceded by:<br>'''[[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand II]]'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of Aragonese monarchs|King of Aragon]]'''<br>1516–1556
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="7" | Succeeded by:<br>'''[[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]]'''
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| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of Counts of Barcelona|Count of Barcelona]]'''<br>1516–1556
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of Valencian monarchs|King of Valencia]]'''<br>1516–1556
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily|King of Naples]]'''<br>1516–1554
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily|King of Sicily]]'''<br>1516–1554
|-
| width="30%" align="center"| '''[[Joanna of Castile]]'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of Castilian monarchs|King of Castile and Leon]]'''<br>1516–1556
|-
| width="30%" align="center" | '''[[Philip I of Castile|Philip the Fair]]'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[Duke of Burgundy]]'''<br>1506–1555
|-
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="4" | '''[[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]]'''
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of German Kings and Emperors|Holy Roman Emperor]]'''<br>1519–1556
| width="30%" align="center" rowspan="4"| '''[[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]]'''
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of rulers of Austria|Archduke of Austria]]'''<br>1519–1521
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of rulers of Austria|Duke of Styria, Carinthia and Carniola]]'''<br>1519–1521
|-
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[List of rulers of Austria|Count of the Tyrol]]'''<br>1519–1521
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[[Category:1500 births|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
[[Category:1558 deaths|Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
[[Category:Habsburg]]
[[Category:Holy Roman emperors]]
[[Category:Spanish monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Sicily]]
[[category:Rulers of Austria]]
[[Category:Rulers of Styria]]
[[Category:Dukes of Carinthia]]
[[Category:Counts of Tyrol]]
[[Category:Dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:Dukes of Milan]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[cs:Karel V.]]
[[de:Karl V. (HRR)]]
[[es:Carlos I de España]]
[[eo:Karlo la 5-a (imperiestro de la Sankta Romia Imperio)]]
[[fr:Charles Quint]]
[[he:קרל החמישי]]
[[it:Carlo V d'Asburgo]]
[[ja:カール5世 (神聖ローマ皇帝)]]
[[lt:Imperatorius Karolis V]]
[[nl:Karel V van het Heilige Roomse Rijk]]
[[pl:Karol V (cesarz niemiecki)]]
[[pt:Carlos I de Espanha]]
[[fi:Pyhän saksalais-roomalaisen keisarikunnan Kaarle V]]
[[sv:Karl V, tysk-romersk kejsare]]
[[wa:Tchårlukin]]
[[zh:查理五世 (神圣罗马帝国)]]
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