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There are three basic causes of cramping. One is when you overflex the calf muscle. One is inadequate [[oxygenation]] of muscle, where excess lactic acid, produced by [[anaerobic respiration]], builds up and puts stress on the muscle. The other is lack of [[water]] or [[salt]]. Cramps from poor oxygenation can be improved by rapid deep breathing, as well as stretching the muscle. Cramps from lack of salt and water can be treated by stretching the muscle, and of course drinking water and increasing salt intake. Pounding on the muscle can increase soreness.
Athletes are at greatest risk for muscle cramps, as excessive exercise can produce poor oxygenation.
Muscle cramps can be treated by applying a soft massage on the cramped muscle, stretching the muscle and applying heat or cold. Heat improves superficial blood circulation and makes muscles more flexible, so some people find that heat is more soothing for muscle cramps than applying ice.
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