Pycnodontiformes: differenze tra le versioni
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Riga 64:
I primi rappresentanti dei picnodonti si svilupparono nel corso del [[Triassico superiore]] (''[[Brembodus]]'', ''[[Gibbodon]]'') e i loro resti sono stati ritrovati in [[Italia]] del Nord. Ben presto questi animali si diffusero in gran parte dei mari del globo, e nel corso del [[Giurassico]] divennero molto comuni (ad es. ''[[Arduafrons]]'', ''[[Turbomesodon]]'', ''[[Macromesodon]]'', ''[[Gyrodus]]'', ''[[Mesturus]]'', ''[[Proscinetes]]''); prosperarono nel corso del [[Cretaceo]] (''[[Stemmatodus]]'', ''[[Micropycnodon]]'', ''[[Neoproscinetes]]'') ma subirono un declino alla fine del periodo. Gli ultimi esemplari noti, e anche i più grandi, sono dell'Eocene medio (''[[Pycnodus]]'', ''[[Nursallia]]'', ''[[Palaeobalistum]]'', di [[Monte Bolca]]).
[[File:Arduafrons prominoris 6724.jpg|miniatura|right|Fossile di ''[[Arduafrons prominoris]]'']]
==Taxonomy==
* '''Pycnodontiformes (Berg, 1937)'''<ref name="Nelson">{{cite book|last1=Nelson|first1=Joseph S.|last2=Grande|first2=Terry C.|last3=Wilson|first3=Mark V. H.|year=2016|title=''Fishes of the World''|edition=5th|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=9781118342336}}</ref><ref name="van der Laan">{{cite journal|last=van der Laan|first=Richard|year=2016|title=''Family-group names of fossil fishes''|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303911230}}</ref>
** ?''[[Acrorhinichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2015</small>
** ?''[[Archaeopycnodon]]'' <small>Sanchez & Benedetto, 1980</small>
** ''[[Arduafrons]]'' <small>Frickhinger, 1991</small>
** ?''[[Athrodon]]'' <small>le Sauvage 1880 non Osborn, 1887</small>
** ?''[[Callodus (fish)|Callodus]]'' <small>Thurmond, 1974</small>
** ?''[[Ellipsodus]]'' <small>Cornuel, 1877</small>
** ''[[Eomesodon]]'' <small>Woodward, 1918</small>
** ?''[[Grypodon]]'' <small>Hay, 1899</small> [''Ancistrodon'' <small>Dames, 1883 non De Beauvois, 1799 non Roemer, 1852 non Wagler, 1830</small>]
** ?''[[Mercediella]]'' <small>Koerber, 2012</small> [''[[Camposichthys]]'' <small>Figueiredo & Silva-Santos, 1991 non Travassos, 1946 non Whitley, 1953</small>]
**''[[Paramesturus]]'' <small>Taverne, 1981</small>
** ?''[[Piranhamesodon]]'' <small>Kölbl-Ebert ''et al.'', 2018</small>
** ?''[[Pseudopycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne, 2003</small>
** ?''[[Tergestinia]]'' <small>Capasso, 2000</small>
** ?''[[Thurmondella]]'' <small>Thurmond, 1974 non</small> [''[[Paramicrodon]]'' <small>Thurmond, 1974 non de Meijere, 1913</small>]
** ?''[[Uranoplosus]]'' <small>le Sauvage, 1879</small>
** ?''[[Woodthropea]]'' <small>Swinnerton, 1925</small>
** '''[[Brembodontidae]]''' <small>Tintori, 1981</small> [Brembodidae; Gibbodontidae <small>Tintori, 1981</small>]
*** ''[[Brembodus]]'' <small>Tintori, 1981</small>
*** ''[[Gibbodon]]'' <small>Tintori, 1981</small>
** ?'''[[Hadrodontidae]]''' <small>Thurmond & Jones, 1981</small>
*** ''[[Hadrodus]]'' <small>Leidy, 1858</small> [''[[Propenser]]'' <small>Applegate, 1970</small>]
** '''[[Gyrodontidae]]''' <small>Berg, 1940</small>
*** ''[[Gyrodus]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1833</small>
** '''[[Mesturidae]]''' <small>Nursall, 1996</small>
*** ''[[Mesturus]]'' <small>Wagner, 1862</small>
** '''[[Pycnodontidae]]''' <small>Agassiz, 1833 corrig. Bonaparte, 1845</small> [Nursalliidae <small>Bloy, 1987</small>; Sphaerodontidae <small>Giebel, 1846</small>; Palaeobalistidae <small>Blot, 1987</small>; Proscinetidae <small>Gistel, 1848</small>; Gyronchidae][[File:Neoproscinetes penalvai.JPG|thumb|Fossil of ''Neoproscinetes penalvai'']]
*** ''[[Abdobalistum]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002</small>
*** ''[[Acrotemnus]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1843</small> (=''[[Macropycnodon]]'' <small>Shimada, Williamson & Sealey, 2010</small>)
*** ?''[[Agassizilia]]'' <small>Cooper & Martill, 2020</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Samuel L. A. |last2=Martill |first2=David M. |date=2020-08-01 |title=A diverse assemblage of pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii, Pycnodontiformes) from the mid-Cretaceous, continental Kem Kem Group of south-east Morocco |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667120300136 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=112 |pages=104456 |bibcode=2020CrRes.11204456C |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104456 |issn=0195-6671}}</ref>
*** ''[[Agoultpycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2021</small>
*** ''[[Akromystax]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2005</small>
*** ''[[Anomiophthalmus]]'' <small>Costa, 1856</small>
*** ''[[Anomoeodus]]'' <small>Forir, 1887</small>
*** ''[[Apomesodon]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002</small>
*** ''[[Athrodon]]'' <small>Sauvage, 1880</small>
*** ''[[Brauccipycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2021</small>
*** ''[[Coelodus]]'' <small>Heckel, 1854</small>
*** ''[[Costapycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne, Capasso & del Re, 2019</small>
*** ''[[Flagellipinna]]'' <small>Cawley & Kriwet, 2019</small>
*** ''[[Gregoriopycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne, Capasso & del Re, 2020</small>
*** ''[[Haqelpycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2018</small>
*** ''[[Iemanja (fish)|Iemanja]]'' <small>Wenz, 1989</small>
*** ''[[Libanopycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2018</small>
*** ''[[Macromesodon]]'' <small>Blake 1905 non Lehman, 1966</small> [''[[Mesodon]]'' <small>Wagner, 1851 non Rafinesque, 1821</small>; ''[[Gyronchus]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1839</small>; ''[[Apomesodon]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002</small>]
*** ''[[Micropycnodon]]'' <small>Hibbard & Graffham, 1945</small>
*** ?''[[Neomesturus]]'' <small>Cooper & Martill 2020</small><ref>Cooper, S.L.A. and Martill, D.M. (2020). "Pycnodont fishes (Actinopterygii: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Turonian) Akrabou Formation of Asfla, Morocco" Cretaceous Research 116, 104607</ref>
*** ''[[Neoproscinetes]]'' <small>De Figueiredo & Silva Santos, 1990</small>
*** ''[[Njoerdichthys]]'' <small>Cawley, Lehmann, Wiese & Kriwet, 2020</small><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Cawley |first=John |last2=Lehnmann |first2=Jens |last3=Wiese |first3=Frank |last4=Kriwet |first4=Jürgen |date=2020 |title=Njoerdichthys dyckerhoffi gen. et sp. nov. (Pycnodontiformes, lower Turonian) northward migration caused by the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195667120302767#fig3 |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |volume=116}}</ref>
*** ''[[Nonaphalagodus]]'' <small>Thurmond, 1974</small>
*** ''[[Nursallia]]'' <small>Blot, 1987</small>
*** ''[[Ocloedus]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002</small>
*** ''[[Omphalodus]]'' <small>von Meyer, 1847</small>
*** ''[[Oropycnodus]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2002</small>
*** ''[[Palaeobalistum]]'' <small>Taverne ''et al.'', 2015</small>
*** ''[[Paranursallia]]'' <small>Taverne ''et al.'', 2015</small>
*** ?''[[Phacodus]]'' <small>Dixon, 1850</small>
*** ''[[Polazzodus]]'' <small>Poyoto-Ariza, 2010</small>
*** ''[[Polypsephis]]'' <small>Hay, 1899 (</small>=''[[Microdon]]'' <small>Agassiz 1833</small> (preoccupied))
*** ''[[Potiguara (genus)|Potiguara]]'' <small>Machado & Brito, 2006</small>
*** ''[[Proscinetes]]'' <small>Gistl, 1848</small> [''[[Microdon (fish)|Microdon]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1833 non Meigen, 1803 non Fritsch, 1876 non Conrad, 1842 non Gistl, 1848 non Dixon, 1850</small>; ''[[Polypsephis]]'' <small>Hay, 1899</small>]
*** ''[[Pycnodus]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1833</small>
*** ''[[Pycnomicrodon]]'' <small>Hay 1916 non Hibbard & Graffham, 1941</small>
*** ''[[Rhinopycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2013</small>
*** ''[[Scalacurvichthys]]'' <small>Cawley & Kriwet, 2017</small>
*** ''[[Sigmapycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2018</small>
*** ''[[Sphaerodus]]'' <small>Agassiz, 1833</small>
*** ''[[Sphaeronchus]]'' <small>Stinton & Torrens, 1967</small>
*** ''[[Stenamara]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2000</small>
*** ''[[Stemmatias]]'' <small>Hay, 1899</small> [''[[Stemmatodus]]'' <small>St. John & Worthen, 1875 non Heckel, 1854 non</small>]
*** ''[[Stemmatodus]]'' <small>Heckel, 1854 non St. John & Worthen, 1875 non</small>
*** ''[[Sylvienodus]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2013</small>[[File:Thiollierepycnodus.png|thumb|Life Reconstruction of ''Thiollierepycnodus wagneri'']]
*** ''[[Tepexichthys]]'' <small>Applegate, 1992</small>
*** ''[[Tergestinia]]'' <small>Capasso, 2000</small>
*** ''[[Texasensis]]'' <small>Özdikmen, 2009</small> (=''[[Callodus]]'' <small>Thurmond, 1974</small> (preoccupied))<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Özdikmen |first=H. |date=2009-01-06 |title=Texasensis nom. nov., a new name for the preoccupied fossil fish genus Callodus Thurmond, 1974 (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) |url=https://www.munisentzool.org/Issue/abstract/texasensis-nom-nov-a-new-name-for-the-preoccupied-fossil-fish-genus-callodus-thurmond-1974-osteichthyes-pycnodontiformes_223 |journal=Texasensis Nom. Nov., A New Name for the Preoccupied Fossil Fish Genus Callodus Thurmond, 1974 (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) |language=en |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=616 |issn=1306-3022}}</ref>
*** ''[[Thiollierepycnodus]]'' <small>Ebert, 2020</small>
*** ''[[Tibetodus]]'' <small>Young & Liu, 1954</small>
*** ''[[Turbomesodon]]'' <small>Poyato-Ariza & Wenz, 2004</small> [''[[Macromesodon]]'' <small>Lehman, 1966 non Blake, 1905</small>]
*** ''[[Typodus]]'' <small>Quenstedt, 1858</small>
**'''[[Serrasalmimidae]]''' <small>Vullo ''et al'', 2017</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vullo |first=Romain |last2=Cavin |first2=Lionel |last3=Khalloufi |first3=Bouziane |last4=Amaghzaz |first4=Mbarek |last5=Bardet |first5=Nathalie |last6=Jalil |first6=Nour-Eddine |last7=Jourani |first7=Essaid |last8=Khaldoune |first8=Fatima |last9=Gheerbrant |first9=Emmanuel |date=2017-07-28 |title=A unique Cretaceous-Paleogene lineage of piranha-jawed pycnodont fishes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28754956/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=6802 |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-06792-x |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5533729 |pmid=28754956}}</ref>
*** ''[[Eoserrasalmimus]]'' <small>Vullo ''et al'', 2017</small>
*** ''[[Damergouia]]'' <small>Vullo ''et al'', 2017</small>
*** ''[[Polygyrodus]]'' <small>White, 1927</small>
*** ''[[Serrasalmimus]]'' <small>Vullo ''et al'', 2017</small>
** '''[[Coccodontoidea]]''' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2013</small>
*** ''[[Congopycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne, 2019</small>
*** '''[[Stanhopellidae]]''' <small>Capasso, 2023</small>
**** ''[[Stanhopella]]'' <small>Capasso, 2023</small>
*** '''[[Coccodontidae]]''' <small>Berg, 1940</small>
**** ''[[Coccodus]]'' <small>Pictet, 1850</small>
**** ''[[Corusichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2014</small>
**** ?''[[Cosmodus]]'' <small>le Sauvage, 1879</small> [''[[Glossodus]]'' <small>Costa, 1851 non Agassiz, 1828 ex Spix & Agassiz, 1829 non McCoy, 1848</small>]
**** ''[[Hensodon]]'' <small>Kriwet, 2004</small>
**** ''[[Ichthyoceros]]'' <small>Gayet, 1984</small> <ref name="TaverneCapassoCoccodontidae">{{cite journal |author1=L. Taverne |author2=L. Capasso |year=2014 |title=Ostéologie et phylogénie des Coccodontidae, une famille remarquable de poissons Pycnodontiformes du Crétacé supérieur marin du Liban, avec la description de deux nouveaux genres |url=http://www.palaeontos.be/25/det25.htm |url-status=dead |journal=Palaeontos |volume=25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705013931/http://www.palaeontos.be/25/det25.htm |archive-date=2017-07-05 |access-date=2016-07-05}}</ref>
**** ''[[Paracoccodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2014</small>
**** ''[[Trewavasia]]'' <small>White & Moy-Thomas, 1941</small> [''[[Xenopholis]]'' <small>Davis, 1887 non Peters, 1869</small>; ''[[Xenopholoides]]'' <small>Fowler, 1958</small>] <ref name="TaverneCapassoCoccodontidae" />
*** '''[[Gebrayelichthyidae]]''' <small>Nursall & Capasso, 2004</small>
**** ''[[Gebrayelichthys]]'' <small>Nursall & Capasso, 2004</small>
**** ''[[Maraldichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2014</small>
*** '''[[Gladiopycnodontidae]]''' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2013</small><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Taverne |first=Louis |last2=Capasso |first2=Luigi |date=2013-10-02 |title=Gladiopycnodontidae, a new family of pycnodontiform fishes from the Late Cretaceous of Lebanon, with the description of three genera |url=https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/view/178 |journal=European Journal of Taxonomy |language=en |issue=57 |doi=10.5852/ejt.2013.57 |issn=2118-9773}}</ref>
**** ''[[Ducrotayichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2015</small>
**** ''[[Gladiopycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2013</small>
**** ''[[Hayolperichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2015</small>
**** ''[[Joinvillichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2014</small>
**** ''[[Monocerichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2013</small>
**** ''[[Pankowskichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2014</small>
**** ''[[Rostropycnodus]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2013</small>
**** ''[[Stenoprotome]]'' <small>Hay, 1903</small>
**** ''[[Tricerichthys]]'' <small>Taverne & Capasso, 2015</small>
==Stile di vita==
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