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== Biografia ==
Niccolò Copernico nacque a [[Toruń]], in [[Polonia]], nella [[Prussia reale]] il 19 febbraio del 1473. Il padre, Niklas Koppernigk (Mikołaj Kopernik in polacco), era un mercante polacco di [[lingua tedesca]],<ref name=hockey462>Thomas Hockey, Virginia Trimble, Thomas R. Williams, Katherine Bracher, Richard A. Jarrell, Jordan D. MarchéII, JoAnn Palmeri, Daniel W. E. Green, ''The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers'', Springer, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-9916-0}}, p. 462, ''Copernicus’ father, also named Nicholas, was a German-speaking merchant in the Hanseatic town of Torun [..]''</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|cognome=Freely|nome=John|anno=2014 |titolo=''Celestial Revolutionary: Copernicus, the Man and His Universe'' |url=https://archive.org/details/celestialrevolut0000free|editore=I.B. Tauris |isbn=9789004183629 |p=[https://archive.org/details/celestialrevolut0000free/page/9 9] |citazione=''He was named after his father, Niklas Koppernigk, but afterwards followed the academic custom of the time and Latinized his name as Nicolaus Copernicus. The Koppernigk family were originally German-speakers who migrated eastward to the province of Silesia in the thirteenth century, settling in the town known today as Koperniki, in present-day southeast Poland, close to the Czech border.''}}</ref><ref>Neagu Djuvara, ''Civilizations and Historical Patterns'', Editura Humanitas, 2019, {{ISBN|978-973-50-6619-2}}, p. 167, ''[..] his father, Niklas Koppernigk, was a merchant in Cracow, a city where the bourgeoisie was still predominantly German in the XVth century''</ref> nato e cresciuto a [[Cracovia]] da una famiglia originaria di ''Koperniki'' un villaggio nel [[distretto di Nysa]] (in [[Slesia]]), mentre la madre, Barbara Watzenrode, era una nobildonna di ascendenza tedesca,<ref name=hummel40>Charles E. Hummel, ''The Galileo Connection'', InterVarsity Press, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0-87784-500-3}}, p. 40.</ref> nata e cresciuta a [[Toruń|Thorn]] da un illustre casato originario di [[Świdnica (Bassa Slesia)|Schweidnitz (Świdnica)]]; era di madrelingua tedesca e conosceva il polacco ed il latino.<ref name="Davies20_1">{{Cita libro|cognome=Davies |nome=Norman |anno=2005 |titolo=God's playground. A History of Poland in Two Volumes |editore=Oxford University Press |volume=II |isbn=978-0-19-925340-1 |p=20 |citazione=''From the cultural point of view, he came from a family whose connections in Silesia, and in the bourgeoisie 'of fifteenth-century Cracow, in Thorn, and in Frauenburg, were with the German-speaking rather than with the Polish-speaking element; but there is ample evidence that he knew the Polish language''}}</ref><ref name="hummel41">Charles E. Hummel, ''The Galileo Connection'', InterVarsity Press, 1986, {{ISBN|978-0-87784-500-3}}, p. 41, ''Copernicus studied and wrote in Latin, spoke German and had a basic knowledge of Polish''</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|cognome=Goddu |nome=André |anno=2010 |titolo=Copernicus and the Aristotelian Tradition: Education, Reading, and Philosophy in Copernicus's Path to Heliocentrism |url=https://archive.org/details/copernicusaristo00godd |editore=Brill |isbn=9789004183629 |p=[https://archive.org/details/copernicusaristo00godd/page/9 9] |citazione=''German was the commercial language used in Royal Prussia, and so he almost certainly spoke German at home, although he likely had some acquaintance with Polish''}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Owen Gingerich |autore2=James MacLachlan |anno=2005 |titolo=Nicolaus Copernicus: Making the Earth a Planet |url=https://archive.org/details/nicolauscopernic00ging |editore=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0195161731 |p=[https://archive.org/details/nicolauscopernic00ging/page/n35 35] |citazione=''Lectures at the University of Bologna began near the end of October. Nicolaus found the organization very different from that at Cracow. Students were placed in various "nations" according to their native language. Nicolaus enrolled in the German nation.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cita libro|autore=Simone Mazauric|titolo=Histoire des sciences à l'époque moderne|url=https://www.cairn.info/histoire-des-sciences-epoque-moderne--9782200345211.htm|anno=2009|editore=Armand Colin|lingua=fr|citazione=Nicolas Copernic est né le 19 février 1473 à Torun (Thorn) en Pologne, dans une famille germanophone, ce qui explique que Copernic ait été fréquemment désigné, au moins jusqu’au XIXe siècle, comme astronome allemand.|ISBN=978-2-200-34521-1}}</ref> Quindi Copernico era di famiglia polacca-tedesca, che viveva in uno stato autonomo governato dal re polacco, per cui godeva della cittadinanza polacca.<ref name="plato.stanford">{{Cita web|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/copernicus/#1 |autore=Sheila Rabin |titolo=Nicolaus Copernicus |sito=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |citazione=''Thus the child of a German family was a subject of the Polish crown''}}</ref> Tuttavia, non si considerava né tedesco né polacco, bensì [[Prussia reale|prussiano]].<ref name="Davies20_2">{{Cita libro|cognome=Davies |nome=Norman |anno=2005 |titolo=God's playground. A History of Poland in Two Volumes |editore=Oxford University Press |volume=II |isbn=978-0-19-925340-1 |p=20 |citazione=''As a native of Royal Prussia, he never admitted to anything other than local patriotism, whereby he described himself as a 'Prussian'. [...] Taking everything into consideration, there is good reason to regard him as both a German and as a Pole: and yet, in the sense that modern nationalists understand it, he was neither. ''}}</ref><ref name=Friedrich>{{Cita libro|cognome=Friedrich |nome=Karin |anno=2000 |titolo=The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772 |url=https://archive.org/details/otherprussiaroya0000frie |editore=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-58335-0 |p=[https://archive.org/details/otherprussiaroya0000frie/page/n240 217] |citazione=''Prussians were neither Germans nor Poles. The Prussian nation defined itself politically as a community of citizens who embraced the constitutional agenda of the multinational Commonwealth [...].''}}</ref><ref name="Borawska">{{Cita web|url=http://copernicus.torun.pl/en/biography/1473-1491/1/ |titolo=Royal Prussia: the homeland of Nicolaus Copernicus |autore=Teresa Borawska |editore=Nicolaus Copernicus University |citazione=''Nicolaus Copernicus was a son of Royal Prussia [...]. [...] Regardless of ethnic differences, social background or language used, the inhabitants called themselves ‘Prussians’ and were aware of the individuality of their ‘state’ within the Polish Kingdom.''}}</ref>
[[File:Kopernik.JPG|min|verticale=.8|sinistra|[[Cracovia]]: monumento a Copernico]]
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