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'''Sogdia''' orLa '''Sogdiana''' wasera an ancientun'antica [[Iranian peoplesIranici|Iranianciviltà civilizationiranica]] betweensituata tra thei fiumi [[Amu Darya]] and thee [[Syr Darya]], andcorrispondente inagli present-dayattuali [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[TajikistanTagikistan]], [[KazakhstanKazakistan]], ande [[KyrgyzstanKirghizistan]]. SogdianaFu wasanche alsouna a province of theprovincia dell'[[AchaemenidImpero Empireachemenide]], ande listedviene on themenzionata nell'[[BehistunIscrizioni Inscriptiondi Bisotun|iscrizione di Behistun]] ofdi [[DariusDario I thedi GreatPersia|Dario il Grande]]. La Sogdiana wasfu firstconquistata conqueredper byla [[Cyrusprima thevolta Great]],da the[[Ciro founderII ofdi thePersia|Ciro Achaemenidil EmpireGrande]], andfondatore thendell'Impero wasachemenide, annexede bysuccessivamente theannessa [[Macedon]]ian rulerda [[Alexander theAlessandro GreatMagno]] innel 328 BCa.C. ItNel wouldcorso continuedei tosecoli, changepassò handssotto underil thecontrollo di diversi imperi: l'[[Seleucid Empire]], the [[Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]], the [[Kushan Empire]], the [[Sasanian Empire]], the [[Hephthalite Empire]], the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]], and the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana]].

The [[Sogdian city-states]], although never politically united, were centered on the city of [[Samarkand]]. [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], an [[Eastern Iranian language]], is no longer spoken. However, a descendant of one of its dialects, [[Yaghnobi language|Yaghnobi]], is still spoken by the [[Yaghnobis]] of Tajikistan. It was widely spoken in Central Asia as a [[lingua franca]] and served as one of the [[First Turkic Khaganate]]'s court languages for writing documents.

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[[File:Northern Zhou Dynasty Tomb of Shijun (roof reconstructed).jpg|thumb|The [[tomb of Wirkak]], a Sogdian official in China. Built in [[Xi'an]] in 580 AD, during the [[Northern Zhou]] dynasty. [[Xi'an City Museum]].]]

During the Tang and subsequent [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms|Five Dynasties]] and [[Song dynasty]], a large community of Sogdians also existed in the multicultural ''[[entrepôt]]'' of Dunhuang, Gansu, a major center of Buddhist learning and home to the Buddhist [[Mogao Caves]].<ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 870–71.</ref> Although Dunhuang and the Hexi Corridor were captured by the [[Tibetan Empire]] after the An Lushan Rebellion, in 848 the ethnic Han Chinese general [[Zhang Yichao]] (799–872) managed to wrestle control of the region from [[Era of Fragmentation|the Tibetans during their civil war]], establishing the [[Guiyi Circuit]] under [[Emperor Xuānzong of Tang]] (r. 846–859).<ref>Taenzer, Gertraud (2016), "Changing Relations between Administration, Clergy and Lay People in Eastern Central Asia: a Case Study According to the Dunhuang Manuscripts Referring to the Transition from Tibetan to Local Rule in Dunhuang, 8th–11th Centuries", in Carmen Meinert, ''Transfer of Buddhism Across Central Asian Networks (7th to 13th Centuries)'', Leiden, Boston: Brill, pp 35–37.</ref><ref name="ZZTJ249">''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷249|vol. 249]].</ref> Although the region occasionally fell under the rule of different states, it retained its multilingual nature as evidenced by an abundance of manuscripts (religious and secular) in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]], but also [[Sogdian language|Sogdian]], [[Saka language|Khotanese]] (another [[Eastern Iranian language]] native to [[Western Regions|the region]]), [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], and [[Sanskrit]].<ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, p 871.</ref>

There were nine prominent Sogdian clans (昭武九姓). The names of these clans have been deduced from the [[Chinese surname]]s listed in a [[Dunhuang manuscripts|Tang-era Dunhuang manuscript]] (Pelliot chinois 3319V).<ref name="hansen 2012 p98" /> Each "clan" name refers to a different city-state as the Sogdian used the name of their hometown as their Chinese surname.<ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, pp 871–72.</ref> Of these the most common Sogdian surname throughout China was [[Shí (surname)|Shí]] (石, generally given to those from Chach, modern [[Tashkent]]). The following surnames also appear frequently on Dunhuang manuscripts and registers: [[Shǐ (surname)|Shǐ]] (史, from Kesh, modern [[Shahrisabz]]), [[An (surname)|An]] (安, from Bukhara), [[Mi (surname)|Mi]] (米, from [[Panjakent]]), [[Kang (Chinese surname)|Kāng]] (康, from [[Samarkand]]), [[Cao (Chinese surname)|Cáo]] (曹, from Kabudhan, north of the [[Zeravshan River]]), and [[Hé]] (何, from Kushaniyah).<ref name="hansen 2012 p98" /><ref>Galambos, Imre (2015), "''She'' Association Circulars from Dunhuang", in Antje Richter, ''A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture'', Brill: Leiden, Boston, p. 872.</ref> [[Confucius]] is said to have expressed a desire to live among the "nine tribes" which may have been a reference to the Sogdian community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chung |first=Ha-Sung H. |title=Traces of the Lost 10 Tribes of Israel in Chinese and Korean Sources |url=https://www.academia.edu/61126693}}</ref>