Università Yale: differenze tra le versioni

Versione delle 12:04, 23 apr 2008

Versione delle 18:43, 29 apr 2008

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==Storia==

[[ImageImmagine:Original_Yale_College_Building.jpg|thumb|left|Edificio originale, 1718-1782]]

<!--Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" passed by the General Court of the [[Colony of Connecticut]] and dated [[October 9]] [[1701]]. Soon thereafter, a group of ten [[Congregationalist]] ministers led by [[James Pierpont (Yale founder)|James Pierpont]], all of whom were Harvard alumni, met in [[Branford, Connecticut]], to pool their books to form the school's first library. [http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=97832]. The group is now known as "The Founders."

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In the meanwhile, a rift was forming at Harvard between its sixth president [[Increase Mather]] (Harvard [[Bachelor of Arts|A.B]]., [[1656]]) and the rest of the Harvard clergy, which Mather viewed as increasingly liberal, ecclesiastically lax, and overly broad in Church polity. The relationship worsened after Mather resigned, and the administration repeatedly rejected his son and ideological colleague, [[Cotton Mather]] (Harvard A.B., [[1678]]), for the position of the Harvard presidency. The feud caused the Mathers to champion the success of the Collegiate School in the hopes that it would maintain the [[Puritan]] religious orthodoxy in a way that Harvard had not [http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_057300_matherincrea.htm].

[[ImageImmagine:Old_Brick_Row,_Yale_College.jpg|thumb|right|''Old Brick Row'' in 1807]]

In 1718, at the behest of either Rector [[Samuel Andrew|Andrew]] or Governor [[Saltonstall family|Gurdon Saltonstall]], Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman in [[Wales]] named [[Elihu Yale]] to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in India as a representative of the [[British East India Company|East India Company]], donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Yale also donated 417 books and a portrait of [[King George I]]. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to ''[[Yale College]]'' in gratitude to its benefactor, and to increase the chances that he would give the college another large donation or bequest. Elihu Yale was away in India when the news of the school's name change reached his home in [[Wrexham]], North Wales, a trip from which he never returned. And while he did ultimately leave his fortunes to the ''"Collegiate School within His Majesties Colony of Connecticot,"'' the institution was never able to successfully lay claim to it.

Serious American students of [[theology]] and [[divinity]], particularly in [[New England]], regarded [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] as a classical language, along with [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Latin]], and essential for study of the [[Old Testament]] in the original words. The Reverend [[Ezra Stiles]], president of the College from 1778 to 1795, brought with him his interest in the Hebrew language as a vehicle for studying ancient [[Bible|Biblical texts]] in their original language (as was common in other prestigious schools, for instance Harvard), requiring all freshmen to study Hebrew (in contrast to Harvard, where all upperclassmen were required to study the language) and is responsible for the Hebrew words [[Urim and Thummim|"Urim" and "Thummim"]] on the Yale seal. Stiles' greatest challenge occurred in July, 1779 when hostile British forces occupied New Haven and threatened to raze the College. Fortunately, Yale graduate [[Edmund Fanning (colonial administrator)|Edmund Fanning]], Secretary to the British General in command of the occupation, interceded and the College was saved. Fanning later was granted an honorary degree for his efforts.

[[ImageImmagine:Woolsey_Hall,_Yale_University.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Woolsey Hall]]'' in c. 1905]]

Yale College expanded gradually, establishing the [[Yale Medical School]] (1810), [[Yale Divinity School]] (1822), [[Yale Law School]] (1843), [[Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] (1847), the [[Sheffield Scientific School]] (1861), and the [[Yale School of Art|Yale School of Fine Arts]] (1869). (The divinity school was founded by [[Congregationalism|Congregationalists]] who felt that the [[Harvard Divinity School]] had become too liberal.) In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of [[Timothy Dwight V]], ''[[Yale College]]'' was renamed to ''Yale University''. The university would later add the [[Yale School of Music]] (1894), [[Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies]] (1901), [[Yale School of Public Health]] (1915), [[Yale School of Nursing]] (1923), [[Yale Physician Associate Program]] (1973), and [[Yale School of Management]] (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

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==Ammissione==

[[ImageImmagine:Yale_USA.jpg|right|thumb|Sterling Memorial Library, Università di Yale]]

<!--In 2006, Yale College offered admission to 8.6% of the 21,000+ applicants to the Class of 2010, which represents the lowest admissions rate in the history of the Ivy League.[http://www.yaledailynews.com/article.asp?AID=32402] [http://www.dailypennsylvanian.com/vnews/display.v/ART/2006/04/05/443362d8da09e] In recent years, more than 71% of those granted admission to Yale have chosen to attend.[http://www.yaledailynews.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=32985]

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<!--==Collezioni==

[[ImageImmagine:NightCafe.jpg|right|thumb|''The Night Café'', Vincent van Gogh, 1888, Yale Art Gallery[http://artgallery.yale.edu/]]]

[[Yale University Library]] is the second-largest university collection in the world with a total of almost 11 million volumes. The main library, [[Sterling Memorial Library]], contains about four million volumes, and other holdings are dispersed at a variety of subject libraries.

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==Architettura di Yale==

[[ImageImmagine:Yale Harkness Tower.JPG|right|thumb|[[Harkness Tower]]]]

Yale is noted for its harmonious yet fanciful largely gothic campus[http://www.pbase.com/czsz/yale] as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly taught in architectural history survey courses: the Yale Art Gallery[http://artgallery.yale.edu/pages/collection/buildings/build_kahn.html] and Center for British Art[http://ycba.yale.edu/index.asp] by [[Louis Kahn]], Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles & Morse Colleges by [[Eero Saarinen]], and the Art & Architecture Building by [[Paul Rudolph]].

Most of Yale's older buildings, constructed in the Gothic architecture style, were built during the period 1917-1931. Stone sculpture built into the walls of the buildings make this apparent; they portray contemporary college personalities such as a writer, an athlete, a tea-drinking socialite, and a student who has fallen asleep while reading. Similarly, the decorative [[frieze]]s on the buildings depict contemporary scenes such as policemen chasing a robber and arresting a prostitute (on the wall of the Law School), or a student relaxing with a mug of beer and a cigarette. The architect, [[James Gamble Rogers]], added to the appearance of great age of these buildings by splashing the walls with acid[http://www.yaleherald.com/article.php?Article=3566], deliberately breaking their [[leaded glass]] windows and repairing them in the style of the [[Middle Ages]], and creating niches for decorative statuary but leaving them empty to simulate loss or theft over the ages. In fact, the buildings merely simulate Middle Ages architecture, for though they appear to be constructed of solid stone blocks in the authentic manner, most actually have steel framing as was commonly used in 1930. One exception is [[Harkness Tower]], 216 feet tall, which was, when built, the tallest free-standing stone structure in the world. It was reinforced in 1964, however, in order to allow for the installation of the [[Yale Memorial Carillon]].

[[ImageImmagine:Connecticut_Hall.jpg|right|thumb|[[Connecticut Hall]]]]

The truly old buildings on campus, ironically, are built in the [[Georgian architecture|Georgian style]] and appear much more modern. This includes the oldest building on campus, [[Connecticut Hall]] (built in [[1750]]). Of the buildings constructed in the 1929-1933 period, the ones in the Georgian style include [[Timothy Dwight College]], [[Pierson College]], and the whole of [[Davenport College]] excluding the east, York Street façade (constructed in the gothic style).

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===Sport===

[[ImageImmagine:YaleBowl-WalterCampGate1.JPG|thumb|250px|left|The [[Walter Camp]] Gate at the Yale Athletic Complex.]]

Yale supports 35 varsity athletic teams that compete in the [[Ivy League]] Conference, the [[Eastern College Athletic Conference]], the [[New England Intercollegiate Sailing Associaton]], and Yale is an [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] Division I member. Like other members of the Ivy League, Yale does not offer athletic scholarships and is no longer competitive with the top echelon of American college teams in the big-money sports of basketball and football. Nevertheless, American football was largely created at Yale by player and coach [[Walter Camp]], who evolved the rules of the game away from rugby and soccer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the [[Yale Bowl]] (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the [[Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum]] and the [[Rose Bowl (stadium)|Rose Bowl]]), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the [[Payne Whitney Gymnasium]], the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. [http://www.yaleherald.com/archive/frosh/2000/field/p78payne.html] The [[Yale Corinthian Yacht Club]], founded in 1881, is the oldest collegiate sailing club in the world. The [[yacht club]], located in nearby [[Branford, Connecticut]], is the home of the [[Yale Sailing Team]], which has produced several [[Olympics|Olympic]] sailors.

[[ImageImmagine:Yale Ingalls Rink.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Ingalls Rink]] by [[Eero Saarinen]], [[thin-shell structure|thin-shell]] and [[tensile structure]]]]

The school mascot is "[[Handsome Dan]]", the famous Yale [[bulldog]], and the Yale [[fight song]] (written by alumnus [[Cole Porter]]) contains the [[refrain]], "Bulldog, bulldog, bow wow wow."