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[[:en:Comino]]02:52,2 March 2008より
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{{Infobox Islands
'''コミノ島''' （-とう、'''Comino'''、[[マルタ語]]: ''Kemmuna''）は、[[マルタ]]の島。[[ゴゾ島]]と[[マルタ島]]の間にある、面積3.5平方キロメートルの小さな島である。島の名前はかつて島に自生していた[[クミン]]にちなんで名付けられた。静かな島で、他の島から隔離された状態で知られる。定住人口はわずか4人しかいない。夏期になって観光客と観光業に従事する人の人口が増えると、公共サービスに従事するためゴゾ島から[[司祭]]1人と警察官1人が代用員としてやってくる。現在、コミノは野鳥と自然の保護区となっている。行政上、ゴゾ島南東部の自治体[[:en:Għajnsielem|Għajnsielem]]の一部となっている。
| name = Comino
| image name = Bluelagoon.jpg
| image caption = [[Blue lagoon (Comino)|Blue Lagoon]]
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| locator map = Malta-CIA WFB Map.png
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| ___location = south of [[Sicily]], [[Mediterranean Sea]]
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| archipelago = [[Maltese islands]]
| total islands =
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| area = 3.5 km²
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| country = Malta
| country capital city =
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| population = 8
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}}
[[Image:Comino02.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The west coast of Comino, with St Mary's Tower as seen from the Gozo-Malta ferry]]
'''Comino''' (Maltese: ''Kemmuna'') is an island of the [[Maltese Islands|Maltese archipelago]] between the islands of [[Malta]] and [[Gozo]] in the [[Mediterranean Sea]], measuring 3.5 km² (1.35 sq. miles) in area. Named after the [[cumin]] herb that once flourished on the Island, Comino is noted for its tranquility and isolation. It has a permanent population of only four residents. One priest and one policeman commute from the nearby island of Gozo, to render their services to the local population and summertime visitors. Today, Comino is a [[bird sanctuary]] and [[nature reserve]]. Administratively it is part of the municipality of [[Għajnsielem]], in southeastern Gozo.
== History of Comino歴史 ==
ローマ時代、コミノには農夫が住んでいることが知られていた。しかし、これまでの歴史で長い期間、島の人口は希薄であるか、ほとんど見捨てられていた。
島の岩だらけの海岸線は、険しい[[石灰岩]]の断崖によって特徴づけられる。[[中世]]の海賊と略奪者が好んだ深い洞窟が点在する。コミノの洞窟と入り江はしばしば、マルタ島とゴゾ島の間を往復する不運なボートの上で起きた襲撃のための、足がかりとなる場所として使われていた。後年、[[マルタ騎士団]]はこの島を狩猟と余暇を過ごす場所として使用した。騎士団は野生のイノシシとウサギ（''fenek tal-grixti''）を獲物としていた。密猟者たちが捕まって有罪となると、彼らは[[ガレー船]]の[[奴隷]]として3年間の刑を受けた<ref>[http://www.visitmalta.com/en/gozo_comino/goz_comino/goz_comino.html Malta Tourism Authority, "Comino"]</ref>。
Comino is known to have been inhabited by farmers during [[History of Malta#Carthage and Rome|Roman times]], however for long periods in its history it has been sparsely populated, or abandoned entirely.
Its rugged coastline is delineated by sheer limestone cliffs, and dotted with deep caves which were popular with [[pirates]] and marauders in the [[Middle Ages]]. The caves and coves of Comino were frequently used as staging posts for raids on hapless boats crossing between Malta and Gozo. In later years, the '''[[Knights of Malta]]''' used this island as hunting and recreational grounds. The Knights were fiercely protective of the local game, which consisted of [[wild boar]] and [[hare]]s (Maltese: ''fenek tal-grixti''): upon conviction, poachers were liable to a penalty of three years as a [[galley slave]].<ref>[http://www.visitmalta.com/en/gozo_comino/goz_comino/goz_comino.html Malta Tourism Authority, "Comino"]</ref>
16世紀と17世紀、コミノは刑務所の場所や、規律を乱した騎士たちの流刑地とされた。量刑の軽い騎士は時には、禁固刑の判決と、聖マリア塔に配置される危険な職務を宣告された。
In the 16th and 17th centuries, Comino served as a place of imprisonment or exile for errant knights. Knights who were convicted of minor crimes were occasionally sentenced to the lonely and dangerous task of manning St. Mary's Tower.
== St. Mary's Tower聖マリア塔 ==
[[Image:Cominotower.jpg|left|200px|itコミノの聖マリア塔（it-Torri ta' Santa Marija on Comino, built Marija）、1618年建造]]
'''[[:en:St. Mary's Tower|聖マリア塔]]'''は、島で最も目に付く建造物である。1416年に遡る背景を持っており、当時[[マルタ人]]らが[[アラゴン王国|アラゴン]]王[[アルフォンソ5世 (アラゴン王)|アルフォンソ5世]]に、敵の侵攻を早くに予告するため使う塔の建設を請願したのだった。略奪を重ねるトルコ人、海賊、密輸業者、イスラーム海賊らがコミノ島を隠れ家や、マルタ島とゴゾ島へ恐ろしい出撃の足がかりにするのをやめさせる目的があった<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/rpulli/comino.html R. Pullicino, "Comino"]</ref>。2年後、王は塔の建設計画のために資金を集めるべく輸入ワインに特別税を課した。しかし、王の金庫に入る金は他へ転用されてしまった。島はその後200年間、無防備なままでおかれたのだった<ref>[http://www.educ.um.edu.mt/militarymalta/html/st__mary_s_tower.html Christian Formosa, "St. Mary's Tower," in ''A Military History of Malta.'']</ref>。
最終的に1618年になって、総長[[:en:Alof de Wignacourt|アロフ・ド・ウィニャクール]]時代のマルタ騎士団が聖マリア塔（マルタ語で''it-Torri ta' Santa Marija''）を、おおよそ島南岸の中央部に建てた<ref>[http://www.ghajnsielem.com/places/comino.html Għajnsielem Local Council, "Places of Interest"]</ref>。塔は、ウィニャクール塔、ラスカリス塔、ド・ルダン塔（建てられた当時の総長の名前が付けられた）ら一連の防御塔の一つとして形成されている。マルタ諸島の海岸線沿いの有利な位置にあり、マルタ島とゴゾ島間の通信を大いに改善した。塔は巨大で、4角には動楼のある四角い建物で、海面からおよそ80メートルの場所にある。塔本体の高さはおよそ12メートル、大体6メートルの厚さの壁で覆われている。およそ8メートルの高さの台座と高台の上に建っている<ref>[http://www.dinlarthelwa.org/propertydetail.asp?id=8 Din l-Art Ħelwa, "Santa Marija Tower in Comino"]</ref>。
1798年から1800年にかけて[[フランス]]に海上封鎖された間、聖マリア塔はスパイ容疑の囚人を収容する場所に使われていた。1829年、新たなマルタの支配者[[イギリス]]はこの塔を使用せず放置した。数十年の間、地元の軍人でない有力者らの資産とみなされていた。その間には隔離病院として使われたり、家畜の冬季用檻にすら使われていたのだった<ref>[http://www.dinlarthelwa.org/propertydetail.asp?id=8 Din l-Art Ħelwa, "Santa Marija Tower in Comino"]</ref>。[[第一次世界大戦]]と[[第二次世界大戦]]には、再び塔が元の目的で使われることになった。1982年、塔はマルタ軍の所有となった。現在は、密輸品に対する監視のための足場、海上での渡り鳥の密猟を監視する監視所となっている。
聖マリア塔は、2002年から2004年の間広範囲に渡る修繕が施された。今日、コミノで最も名の知られた建物として残り、島内を散策する観光客の目的地となっている。
== その他建築物 ==
小さな[[カトリック教会|カトリック]]の礼拝堂は、聖マリア湾奥にあり、『エジプトから帰還した聖家族』に献堂されている。
1618年に建てられ、1667年と1716年に増築された。元来は[[受胎告知|童貞の聖母マリアへのお告げ]]へ捧げられていた。コミノに定住者がいなくなった時代、礼拝堂の長い歴史の中で少なくとも1度は冒涜され、再び聖別された。この場所での礼拝堂の最古の記録は12世紀に遡り、この時代の航海地図（[[グリニッジ]]の[[国立海事博物館]]と[[グリニッジ天文台]]所蔵）に見ることができる<ref>[http://www.gozo.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=566 Ministry for Gozo, "il-Gżira ta' Kemmuna"]</ref>。住民、ホテル従業員、観光客が出席して、土曜の夜と日曜の朝に礼拝堂内で[[ミサ]]が開かれる。
'''聖マリア砲台'''は1716に南コミノ海峡へ向けて建てられた。同じ時代に多種の砲台がマルタ島の海岸線沿いに建てられている。海に面した銃眼のある半円の構造をしている。砲弾にはいまだ2つの24ポンドの鉄製[[大砲]]が設置されている。隔離された位置にあるために保存状態が非常に良いまま残されている。砲台の装備には、元々あった4つの6ポンドの重さがある鉄製大砲がある。砲台は1996年に修繕された。聖マリア要塞も1716年にコミノ北岸に建設された、付属する防御施設である。しかしあとで荒廃してしまった<ref>[http://www.educ.um.edu.mt/militarymalta/html/comino.html#St.MaryTower Christian Formosa, "Map of Comino" in ''A Military History of Malta.'']</ref>。騎士団はコミノ島に軍の兵舎も建設していた。20世紀初頭に、兵舎は定期的に隔離病院として使用されていた<ref>[http://www.sahha.gov.mt/showdoc.aspx?id=37&filesource=4&file=6_careaged.pdf Joseph Camilleri, ''l-Istorja tan-Nursing f'Malta'', translated into English and edited by Catherine Sharples. Online at the Ministry of Health website.]</ref>。
2つのプライヴェート・ビーチを備えるコミノ・ホテルは1960年代に成長した。聖ニクラウ湾奥にある。休暇用バンガロー風別荘もある。また、休暇用バンガローと礼拝堂の間には警察署がある。
'''[[St. Mary's Tower]]''' is the most visible structure on the island. Its background dates back to 1416, when the [[Maltese people|Maltese]] petitioned their king, [[Alphonse V]] of [[Aragon]], to build a tower on Comino to serve as an early warning system in case of invasion, and to deter marauding Turks, pirates, smugglers and corsairs from using Comino as a hiding place and staging ground for devastating sorties onto the sister islands of Malta and Gozo.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/rpulli/comino.html R. Pullicino, "Comino"]</ref> Two years later the king levied a special tax on imported wine to raise funds for this project, but diverted the monies into his coffers; the island remained undefended for another two hundred years.<ref>[http://www.educ.um.edu.mt/militarymalta/html/st__mary_s_tower.html Christian Formosa, "St. Mary's Tower," in ''A Military History of Malta.'']</ref>
その他コミノの商業事業として養豚場が、島の南東の端という他から離れた場所にかつてあった。マルタでブタに[[口蹄疫]]の流行が起こったため、閉鎖されてしまった。
Finally, in 1618 the [[Knights Hospitaller|Knights of Malta]] under [[Alof de Wignacourt|Grandmaster Wignacourt]] erected '''[[St. Mary's Tower]]''' (Maltese: ''it-Torri ta' Santa Marija''), located roughly in the center of the southern coast of the island.<ref>[http://www.ghajnsielem.com/places/comino.html Għajnsielem Local Council, "Places of Interest"]</ref> The tower formed part of a chain of defensive towers — the [[Wignacourt towers|Wignacourt ]], [[Lascaris towers|Lascaris]], and [[De Redin towers]] — located at vantage points along the coastline of the Maltese Islands, and greatly improved communications between Malta and Gozo. The tower is a large, square building with four corner turrets, located about 80 meters above sea level. The Tower itself is about 12 meters tall, with walls that are approximately 6 meters thick, and is raised on a platform and plinth that are approximately 8 meters high.<ref>[http://www.dinlarthelwa.org/propertydetail.asp?id=8 Din l-Art Ħelwa, "Santa Marija Tower in Comino"]</ref>
== 観光と映画産業 ==
During the [[History of Malta#French Conquest|French Blockade]] (1798–1800), St. Mary's Tower served as a prison for suspected spies. In 1829 the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] Military abandoned the site. For several decades it was deemed to be property of the local civil authorities, and may have been used as an isolation hospital, or even as a wintering pen for farm animals.<ref>[http://www.dinlarthelwa.org/propertydetail.asp?id=8 Din l-Art Ħelwa, "Santa Marija Tower in Comino"]</ref> The tower again saw active service during both [[World War I]] and [[World War II]]. Since 1982 the tower has been the property of the [[Armed Forces of Malta]]. It now serves as a lookout and staging post to guard against [[contraband]] and the [[illegal hunting]] of [[migratory birds]] at sea.
コミノと小島のコミノット島の間に広がる海は、透き通った[[シアン (色)|シアン]]色の海水からブルー・ラグーン（マルタ語：''Bejn il-Kmiemen''、コミノの島の間）と呼ばれている。大勢の観光客や観光船が毎日訪れる。ブルー・ラグーンは絵のような美しい湾で、光り輝くような砂質を持ち、ダイビングやスノーケリング、海水浴に人気がある。
コミノは映画撮影のロケ地としても知られる。『[[トロイ (映画)|トロイ]]』、『[[モンテ・クリスト伯 (映画)|モンテ・クリスト伯]]』、『[[スウェプト・アウェイ]]』が撮影された。『モンテクリスト伯』では、聖マリア塔が物語の中で牢獄として登場する[[シャトー・ディフ]]に似せられている。
St. Mary's Tower underwent extensive restoration between 2002 and 2004. Today, it remains the most notable structure on Comino, and provides a destination for tourists taking walks around the Island.
== 参照 ==
== Other buildings and structures ==
A tiny [[Roman Catholic]] chapel dedicated to the '''''Sacred Family Upon its Return from Egypt''''' is located above Santa Marija Bay. Built in 1618, and enlarged in 1667 and again in 1716, the Chapel was originally dedicated to the [[Annunciation]]. It has been desecrated and reconsecrated at least once in its history, when Comino was devoid of residents. The earliest record of a chapel on this site dates back to the 12th century, and can be seen in a navigational map of the period, located in the [[National Maritime Museum]] and [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich|Royal Observatory]] in [[Greenwich]], [[London]].<ref>[http://www.gozo.gov.mt/pages.aspx?page=566 Ministry for Gozo, "il-Gżira ta' Kemmuna"]</ref>. Mass is celebrated in the chapel on Saturday nights and Sunday mornings for the residents, hotel staff and tourists.
'''St. Mary's Battery''', built in 1716, at the same time as various other batteries around the coastline of mainland Malta, is situated facing the South Comino Channel. It is a semi-circular structure with a number of embrasures facing the sea. The Battery still houses two 24-pound iron [[cannons]], and remains in a fair state of preservation mainly due to its remote ___location. Its armament originally included four 6-pound iron cannons. The Battery underwent restoration in 1996 by the Maltese heritage preservation society, ''Din l-Art Ħelwa''. '''St. Mary's Redoubt''', an additional defensive structure, was also constructed in 1716 on the northern coast of Comino, however it was subsequently demolished.<ref>[http://www.educ.um.edu.mt/militarymalta/html/comino.html#St.MaryTower Christian Formosa, "Map of Comino" in ''A Military History of Malta.'']</ref> The Knights also constructed '''army barracks''' on Comino. In the early 20th century the barracks were periodically used as an isolation hospital.<ref>[http://www.sahha.gov.mt/showdoc.aspx?id=37&filesource=4&file=6_careaged.pdf Joseph Camilleri, ''l-Istorja tan-Nursing f'Malta'', translated into English and edited by Catherine Sharples. Online at the Ministry of Health website.]</ref>
'''Comino Hotel''', with its two private beaches, a 1960s development, is located above San Niklaw Bay. There are also holiday bungalows by Santa Marija Bay.
There is a police station located between the holiday bungalows and the chapel.
The only other commercial enterprise on Comino was a '''pig farm''', now closed, which was located on the remote, south east corner of the Island. Its purpose was to engage in selective breeding after all pigs in Malta were destroyed to stop an epidemic of [[foot and mouth disease]].
== Interesting facts and folklore ==
* In the past, and well into the 20th century, whenever the seas were too rough for the Gozitan priest to make the crossing to Comino for the celebration of [[Holy Mass]], the local community would gather on the rocks at a part of the Island known as ''Tal-Ħmara'', and gaze across the channel towards the '''Chapel of Our Lady of the Rocks''' (Maltese: ''il-Madonna tal-Blat''), in Ħondoq ir-Rummien, Gozo, where Mass was being celebrated. They followed along with the progression of the Mass by means of a complex flag code.
* From 1285 until some time after 1290, Comino was the home of exiled prophetic cabbalist '''[[Abraham Abulafia]]'''. It was on Comino that Abulafia composed his ''"Sefer ha-Ot"'' (The Book of the Sign), and his last work, ''"Imre Shefer"'' (Words of Beauty).
* According to Maltese [[folklore]], a mystical hermit named '''Kerrew''' would occasionally cross the channel between Malta and Comino on his cloak to meet the renowned cabbalist, Abulafia.
== Tourism and film industry ==
[[Image:Blue Lagoon, Comino.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The Blue Lagoon at boat level with Kemmunett (Cominotto) in background.]]
Between Comino and adjacent islet of [[Cominotto]] (Maltese: ''Kemmunett'') lie the transparent, [[cyan]] waters of the '''Blue Lagoon''' (Maltese: ''Bejn il-Kmiemen'', literally "Between the Cominos"). Frequented by large numbers of tourists and tour boats daily, the Blue Lagoon is a much photographed, picturesque bay, with a brilliant white, sandy base, and a rich marine life that make it popular with divers, [[snorkeling|snorkelers]] and swimmers. Other beaches on Comino include '''St. Mary Bay''' (Maltese: ''Ramla ta' Santa Marija'') and '''St. Nicholas Bay''' (Maltese: ''Bajja San Niklaw'').
Comino is a popular [[filming ___location|___location]] for filmmakers. It appears in the movies ''[[Troy (film)|Troy]]'', ''[[The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)|The Count Of Monte Cristo]]'' and ''[[Swept Away (2002 film)|Swept Away]]''. Most notably, St. Mary's Tower on Comino was featured in the film ''The Count of Monte Cristo'', where it doubled as the ''[[Château d'If]].''
== References ==
<references/>
== External links外部リンク ==
* [http://www.gozo.us Comino / Gozo Photos]
* [http://www.guidetomalta.net/comino_treasure_island.htm Comino: Treasure Island] - Article on GuidetoMalta.net
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