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==Brief History of Alfred Dreyfus==
[[Alfred Dreyfus]] was born in Mulhouse, NE [[France]] into a Jewish family.<ref>Alfred Dreyfus Biography (1859-1935). (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2008, from Biography.com: http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9279233</ref> In 1871, he left his native town for [[Paris]] because [[Germany]] had annexed the province. As artillery captain for the [[General Staff]] of [[France]], in 1894, Dreyfus was a suspect for providing secret military information to the [[German Government]].<ref>Alfred Dreyfus Biography (1859-1935). (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2008, from Biography.com: http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9279233</ref> A woman by the name of Madame Bastian was assigned to the investigation, where she searched in wastebaskets and mailboxes for suspicious documents.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> Later in 1894, the [[wikt:bordereau|bordereau]] was delivered to Commandant Hubert-Joseph Henry, who worked for the General Staff.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> The bordereau was ripped in to 6 pieces and found among the papers of Maximilien von Schwartzkoppen, the German military attaché.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> When the document was found, professional handwriting experts testified that the hand writing on the bordereau was very similar to that of Alfred Dreyfus.<ref>Rothstein, E. (2007, October 17). A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1</ref> There were also assertions from military officers of whom provided confidential proof.<ref>Rothstein, E. (2007, October 17). A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1</ref> Dreyfus was found guilty of [[treason]] in a secret military court-martial, during which he was denied the right to examine the evidence against him. The army stripped him of his rank in a humiliating ceremony and shipped him off to Devil’s Island, a colony located off the coast of [[South America]].<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> Because France was going through a period of [[anti-Semitism]], there were very few who defended Dreyfus most of whom were his family. In 1899, Dreyfus returned to France for a retrial, but was again found guilty, but this time pardoned.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> In 1906, Dreyfus appealed his case again, only to find the [[annulment]] of his guilty verdict. In 1906, he was also awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honor, which stated, “a soldier who has endured an unparalleled martyrdom.”<ref>Rothstein, E. (2007, October 17). A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1</ref>
==History of Emile Zola==
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