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{{T|lingua=inglese|argomento=storia|data=dicembre 2008}}▼
[[Immagine:Ismail Pacha.JPG|thumb|right|<center>Ismāʿīl Pascià</center>]]
'''Ismāʿīl Pascià''' ([[31 dicembre]] [[1830]] - [[2 marzo]] [[1895]]) ({{arabo|إسماعيل باشا}}) fu viceré e poi [[Khedivè]] d'[[Egitto]] — tra il [[18 gennaio]] [[1863]] e l'[[8 agosto]] [[1879]], quando fu rimosso dal trono dal [[Regno Unito]].
Riga 13:
Dopo aver ricevuto un'educazione di stampo europeo a [[Parigi]], dove egli frequentò la [[Scuola di Stato Maggiore]], Ismāʿīl tornò in patria e, alla morte del fratello maggiore, divenne erede di suo zio, [[Sa'id I d'Egitto|Saʿīd I]], [[Wali|Wāli]] d'[[Egitto]] e [[Sudan]]. Saʿīd, che in apparenza concepiva la sua personale sicurezza tenendo lontano da da sé il nipote, lo impiegò nei pochi anni successivi in missioni all'estero, in modo specifico presso il [[Papa]], l'Imperatore [[Napoleone III]] e il Sultano dell'[[Impero ottomano]]. Nel 1861 egli fu destinato a guidare un esercito di 14.000 uomini per domare un'insurrezione in [[Sudan]]: compito che Ismāʿīl assolse egregiamente.
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==Khedive of Egypt==
After the death of Said, Ismail was proclaimed Wāli on [[January 19]], [[1863]]. Like all Egyptian rulers since his grandfather [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]], he claimed the higher title of [[Khedive]], which the Ottoman [[Porte]] had consistently refused to sanction. However, in 1867, Ismai'l succeeded in persuading the [[Ottoman Sultan]] [[Abdülâziz]] to grant a [[firman]] (decree) finally recognizing him as Khedive in exchange for an increase in the tribute. Another firman changed the law of succession to direct descent from father to son rather than brother to brother, and a further decree in 1873 confirmed Egypt's virtual independence from the [[Porte]].
===Reforms===
Ismail launched vast schemes of internal reform on the scale of his grandfather, remodeling the customs system and the [[post office]], stimulating commercial progress, creating a [[sugar]] industry, building palaces, entertaining lavishly and maintaining an opera and a theatre. He greatly expanded [[Cairo]], building an entire new city on its western edge modeled on [[Paris]]. [[Alexandria]] was also improved. He launched a vast [[Egyptian National Railways|railroad]] building project that saw Egypt and Sudan rise from having virtually none to the most railways per habitable kilometer of any nation in the world.
[[Immagine:Khedive Ismail- El Raml-Alexandria1.jpg|thumb|right|Isma'il Pasha Statue in Alexandria, Egypt]]
Suo figlio [[Tawfiq]] gli succedette dopo la sua deposizione da parte del [[sultano ottomano]] il [[25 giugno]] [[1879]].▼
One of his most significant achievements was to establish an assembly of delegates in November 1866. Though this was supposed to be a purely advisory body, its members eventually came to have an important influence on governmental affairs. Village headmen dominated the assembly and came to exert increasing political and economic influence over the countryside and the central government. This was shown in 1876, when the assembly persuaded Ismail to reinstate the law (enacted by him in 1871 to raise money and later repealed) that allowed landownership and tax privileges to persons paying six years' land tax in advance.
Ismail tried to reduce [[slavery|slave trading]] and extended Egypt's rule in Africa. In 1874 he annexed [[Darfur]], but was prevented from expanding into [[Ethiopia]] after a military defeat at Gura' in March, 1876.
===War with Ethiopia===
Ismail dreamt of expanding his realm over the whole [[Nile]] including its diverse sources and over the whole African coast of the [[Red Sea]]. This, together with rumours about rich raw material and fertile soil, led Ismail to expansive policies directed against [[Ethiopia]] under the [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Yohannes IV of Ethiopia|Yohannes IV]]. In 1865 the Ottoman Sublime Porte ceded the Ottoman Province of [[Habesh]] (with [[Massawa]] and Sawakin at the Red Sea as the main cities of that province) to Ismail. This province, neighbor of Ethiopia, first consisted of a coastal strip only, but expanded subsequently inland into territory controlled by the Ethiopian ruler. Here Ismail occupied regions originally claimed by the Ottomans when they had established the province (eyaleti) of Habesh in the 16th century. New economically-promising projects, like huge cotton plantations in the Barka, were started. In 1872 Bogos (with the city of [[Keren]]) was annexed by the governor of the new "Province of Eastern Sudan and the Red Sea Coast", Werner [[Munzinger]] Pasha. In October 1875 Ismail's army occupied the adjacent highlands of [[Hamasien]], which were then tributary to the Ethiopian Emperor. In November this army was virtually annihilated during the [[battle of Gundet]] near the [[Mereb river]]. In March 1876 Ismail's army again suffered a dramatic defeat after an attack by Yohannes's army at [[Battle of Gura|Gura']]. Ismail's son Hassan was captured by the Ethiopians and only released after a large ransom. This was followed by a long cold war, only finishing in 1884 with the Anglo-Egyptian-Ethiopian [[Hewett Treaty]], when Bogos was given back to Ethiopia. The Red Sea Province created by Ismail and his governor Munzinger Pasha was taken over by the Italians shortly thereafter and became the territorial basis for the Colonia [[Eritrea]] (proclaimed in 1890).
===Suez Canal===
Ismail's khedivate is closely connected to the building of the [[Suez Canal]]. He agreed to, and oversaw, the Egyptian portion of its construction. On his accession, he refused to ratify the concessions to the Canal company made by Said, and the question was referred in 1864 to the arbitration of Napoleon III, who awarded £ 3,800,000 to the company as compensation for the losses they would incur by the changes which Ismail insisted upon in the original grant. Ismail then used every available means, by his own undoubted powers of fascination and by judicious expenditure, to bring his personality before the foreign sovereigns and public, and he had much success. In 1867 he visited Paris and [[London]], where he was received by [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]] and welcomed by the [[Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor]]. Whilst in England he also saw a [[Fleet Review, Royal Navy#Queen Victoria|Royal Navy Fleet Review]] with the [[Ottoman Sultan]]. In 1869 he again paid a visit to [[England]]. When the canal finally opened, Ismail held a festival of unprecedented scope, inviting dignitaries from around the world.
===Debts===
These developments - especially the costly war with Ethiopia - left Egypt in deep debt to the European powers, and they used this position to wring concessions out of Ismail. One of the most unpopular among Egyptians was the new system of mixed courts, by which [[Europe]]ans were tried by judges from their own nation. But at length the inevitable financial crisis came. A national debt of over one hundred million pounds sterling (as opposed to three millions when he became viceroy) had been incurred by the khedive, whose fundamental idea of liquidating his borrowings was to borrow at increased interest. The bond-holders became restive. Judgments were given against the Khedive in the international tribunals. When he could raise no more loans, he sold his Suez Canal shares (in 1875) to the [[British Government]] for only £ 3,976,582; this was immediately followed by the beginning of foreign intervention.<ref>[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/543/ismail.jpg.]</ref>
In December 1875, [[Stephen Cave]] was sent out by the British government to inquire into the finances of Egypt, and in April 1876 his report was published, advising that in view of the waste and extravagance it was necessary for foreign Powers to interfere in order to restore credit. The result was the establishment of the [[Caisse de la Dette]]. In October, [[George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen|George Goschen]] and Joubert made a further investigation, which resulted in the establishment of Anglo-French control over finances and the government. A further commission of inquiry by [[Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer|Major Baring]] (afterwards 1st Earl of Cromer) and others in 1878 culminated in Ismail making over his estates to the nation and accepting the position of a constitutional sovereign, with Nubar as premier, [[Charles Rivers Wilson]] as finance minister, and de Blignières as minister of public works.
==Urabi Revolt and exile==
This control of the country was unacceptable to many [[Egyptians]], who united behind a disaffected Colonel [[Ahmed Urabi]]. The [[Urabi Revolt]] consumed Egypt. Hoping the revolt could relieve him of European control, Ismail did little to oppose Urabi and gave into his demands to dissolve the government. Great Britain and France took the matter seriously, and insisted in May 1879 on the reinstatement of the British and French ministers. With the country largely in the hands of Urabi, Ismail could not agree, and had little interest in doing so. The Europeans pressured the Sultan to recall Ismail, and this was done. Ismail stepped down from his office on [[June 26]], [[1879]]. The more pliable [[Tewfik Pasha|Tewfik]], Ismail's son, was made his successor. Ismail at once left Egypt for [[Naples]], but eventually was permitted by the sultan to retire to his palace of Emirgan on the [[Bosporus]]. There he remained, more or less a state prisoner, until his death. He is buried in Cairo.
==Honors==
*Order of Glory of [[Ottoman Empire]]
*Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold]] of [[Belgium]]-1862
*Order of Nobility, special class of [[Ottoman Empire]]-1863
*Order of the Osmans, special class of [[Ottoman Empire]]-1863
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Sword]] of [[Union between Sweden and Norway]]-1866
*Knight Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Bath]] (GCB)-1866
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Netherlands Lion]]-1866
*Grand Cross of the [[Legion d'Honneur]] of [[Second French Empire|France]]-1867
*Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)-1868
*Knight of the [[Order of the Most Holy Annunciation]] of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]-1868
*Knight of the [[Order of the Black Eagle]] of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]-1868
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Red Eagle]] of [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]-1868
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]] of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]-1869
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Crown of Italy|Order of the Crown]] of [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]-1869
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of the Redeemer]] of [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]-1869
*Grand Cross of the [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Order of Leopold]] of [[Austria-Hungary|Austria]]-1869
*Honorary member: [[Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]-1874
*Order of the Brilliant Star of [[Zanzibar]], 1st Class-1875
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==Note==
{{reflist}}
==Collegamenti esterni==
*[http://www.presidency.gov.eg/html/e_khedive_ismail.html Website presidenziale ufficiale dell'Egitto]
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▲Suo figlio [[Tawfiq]] gli succedette dopo la sua deposizione da parte del [[sultano ottomano]] il [[25 giugno]] [[1879]].
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[[Categoria:Storia dell'Egitto]]
[[Categoria:Politici egiziani]]
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