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==Alfred Dreyfus==
[[Alfred Dreyfus]] was born in [[Mulhouse]], in northeast [[France]], into a Jewish family.<ref>Alfred Dreyfus Biography (1859-1935). (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2008, from Biography.com: http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9279233</ref> In 1871, he left his native town for [[Paris]] because [[Germany]] had annexed the province. While an artillery captain for the [[General Staff]] of France, in 1894, Dreyfus was a suspected of providing secret military information to the [[German government]].<ref>Alfred Dreyfus Biography (1859-1935). (2007). Retrieved February 16, 2008, from Biography.com: http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=9279233</ref> A cleaning woman and French spy by the name of Madame Bastian working at the German Embassy was assigned to the investigation. She searched wastebaskets and mailboxes at the German Embassy for suspicious documents.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> She found a suspicious document or "bordeau" in 1894 and [[wikt:bordereau|bordereau]] at the German Embassy in 1894 and delivered it to Commandant Hubert-Joseph Henry, who worked for theFrench military counter-intelligence in the General Staff.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> The bordereau was ripped in to 6 pieces and found among the papers of Maximilien von Schwartzkoppen, the German military attaché.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> When the document was found, professional [[Graphology|handwriting experts]] testified that the handwriting on the bordereau was very similar to that of Alfred Dreyfus.<ref>Rothstein, E. (2007, October 17). A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1</ref> There were also assertions from military officers who provided confidential evidence.<ref>Rothstein, E. (2007, October 17). A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1</ref> Dreyfus was found guilty of [[treason]] in a secret military court-martial, during which he was denied the right to examine the evidence against him. The army stripped him of his rank in a humiliating ceremony and shipped him off to [[Devil's Island]], a colony located off the coast of [[South America]].<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> Because France was going through a period of [[anti-Semitism]], there were very few who defended Dreyfus most of whom were his family. In 1899, Dreyfus returned to France for a retrial, but was again found guilty, but this time pardoned.<ref>Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. NY: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.</ref> In 1906, Dreyfus appealed his case again, only to find the [[annulment]] of his guilty verdict. In 1906, he was also awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honor, which stated, “a soldier who has endured an unparalleled martyrdom.”<ref>Rothstein, E. (2007, October 17). A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates. Retrieved February 16, 2008, from The New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/17/arts/design/17drey.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1</ref>
==History of Emile Zola==
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