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===''Kapellmeister''===
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Nel [[1759]], Haydn ricevette il primo incarico di rilievo, quello di maestro di cappella presso il conte Karl von Morzin. In questa veste, diresse la piccola orchestra del conte, per la quale scrisse le sue prime sinfonie. Improvvise ristrettezze finanziarie del conte lo forzarono la licenziare Haydn, che però trovò subito una nuova sistemazione come assistente maestro di cappella degli Esterházy, una delle famiglie più ricche e importanti dell'impero Austroungarico. Nel 1760 Haydn si sposò con Maria Anna Keller, dalla quale non ebbe figli. E' possibile che ne abbia avuti da Luigia Polzelli, cantante che lavorava anch'essa alla corte degli Esterházy.
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Il primo viaggio (1791-1792) e i successivi (1794-1795) furono un successo clamoroso. Il pubblico accorreva entusiasta ai concerti di Haydn, che acquistò in breve tempo fama e ricchezze. Dal punto di vista della produzione, i viaggi generarono alcune fra le opere più note di Haydn, tra cui le sinfonie n. 94 (''Sorpresa''), n. 100 (''Militare''), n. 103 (''Col rullo di timpani''), n. 104 (''London''), il quartetto Hob III:74 (''Il cavaliere'') e il trio con pianoforte ''Rondò all'ungherese''.
The only misstep in the venture was an opera, ''L'anima del filosofo'', which Haydn was contracted to compose, and paid a substantial sum of money for. Only one aria was sung at the time, and 11 numbers were published; the entire opera was not performed until [[1950]].
===Ritorno a Vienna===
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Nel [[1802]], una malattia di cui soffriva da tempo si acutizzò improvvisamente: al dolore fisico si aggiungeva l'impossibilità di dedicarsi al lavoro di composizione, nonostante la creatività fosse sempre tumultuosa. Durante gli ultimi anni, fu assistito con cura dai suoi servitori, e ricevette abitualmente numerose visite e pubblici riconoscimenti. Morì nel 1809, durante un attacco delle armate napoleoniche su Vienna.
<!--, ([[March 31]] or [[April 1]] [[1732]] – [[May 31]] [[1809]]) was a leading [[composer]] of the [[classical music era|Classical]] period, called the "Father of the Symphony" and "Father of the String Quartet".
[[Image:Gutenberg.net 13504 illus6.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Portion of an original manuscript by Haydn, in the [[British Museum]], from a biography of Haydn available from [[Project Gutenberg]]]]▼
Although he is still often called "Franz Joseph Haydn", the name "Franz" was not used in the composer's lifetime. Scholars, along with an increasing number of music publishers and recording companies, now use the historically more accurate form of his name, rendered in English as "Joseph Haydn".
A life-long resident of [[Austria]], Haydn spent most of his career as a [[Noble court|court]] musician for the wealthy [[Esterhazy|Eszterházy]] family on their remote estate. Being isolated from other composers and trends in music until the later part of his long life, he was, as he put it, "forced to become original".
Joseph Haydn was the brother of [[Michael Haydn]], himself a highly regarded composer, and [[Haydn]], a [[tenor]] [[singer]].
===Struggles as a freelancer===
===The years as Kapellmeister===
===The London journeys===
===Final years in Vienna===
== Character and appearance ==
Haydn was known among his contemporaries for his kindly, [[optimism|optimistic]], and congenial personality. He had a robust sense of humour, evident in his love of [[practical joke]]s and often apparent in his music. He was particularly respected by the Eszterházy court musicians whom he supervised, as he maintained a cordial working atmosphere and effectively represented the musicians' interests with their employer; see [[Papa Haydn]].
Haydn was a devout [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] who often turned to his [[rosary]] when he had trouble composing, a practice that he usually found to be effective. When he finished a composition, he would write "Laus deo" ("praise be to God") or some similar expression at the end of the manuscript. His favourite hobbies were [[hunting]] and [[fishing]].
Haydn was short in stature, perhaps as a result of having been underfed throughout most of his youth. Like many in his day, he was a survivor of [[smallpox]] and his face was pitted with the [[scars]] of this disease. He was not handsome, and was quite surprised when women flocked to him during his London visits.
About a dozen portraits of Haydn exist, although they disagree sufficiently that, other than what is noted above, we would have little idea what Haydn looked like were it not also for the existence of a lifelike wax bust and Haydn's death mask. Both are in the Haydnhaus in Vienna, a museum dedicated to the composer. All but one of the portraits show Haydn wearing the grey powdered [[wig]] fashionable for men in the 18th century, and from the one exception we learn that Haydn was bald in adulthood.
▲[[Image:Gutenberg.net 13504 illus6.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Portion of an original manuscript by Haydn, in the [[British Museum]], from a biography of Haydn available from [[Project Gutenberg]]]]
== Works ==
Haydn is often described as the "father" of the classical [[symphony]] and [[string quartet]]. In fact, the symphony was already a well-established form before Haydn began his compositional career, with distinguished examples by Carl Philip Emmanuel Bach among others, but Haydn's symphonies are the earliest to remain in "standard" repertoire. His parenthood of the string quartet, however, is beyond doubt: he essentially invented this medium singlehandedly. He also wrote many [[piano sonata]]s, [[piano trio| piano trios]], [[divertimento]]s and [[mass (music)|masses]], which became the foundation for the [[Classical music era|Classical style]] in these compositional types. He also wrote other types of [[chamber music]], as well as [[opera | operas]] and [[concerto| concerti]], although such compositions are now less known. Although other composers were prominent in the earlier Classical period, notably [[Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach|C.P.E. Bach]] in the field of the keyboard [[sonata (music)|sonata]] (the [[harpsichord]] and [[clavichord]] were equally popular with the piano in this era) and [[Johann Christian Bach|J.C. Bach]] and [[Leopold Mozart]] in the symphony, Haydn was undoubtedly the strongest overall influence on musical style in this era.
The development of [[sonata form]] into a subtle and flexible mode of musical expression, which became the dominant force in Classical musical thought, owed most to Haydn and those who followed his ideas. His sense of formal inventiveness also lead him to integrate the [[fugue]] into the classical style and to enrich the rondo form with more cohesive tonal logic, (see [[sonata rondo form]]). Haydn was also the principal exponent of the [[double variation]] form, that is variations on two alternating themes, which are often major and minor mode versions of each other.
=== Structure and character of the music ===
A central characteristic of Haydn's music is the development of larger structures out of very short, simple musical [[Motif (music)|motifs]], usually devised from standard accompanying figures. The music is often quite formally concentrated, and the important musical events of a movement can unfold rather quickly. Haydn's musical practice formed the basis of much of what was to follow in the development of [[tonality]] and musical form. He took genres such as the [[symphony]], which were at the time shorter and subsidiary to more important [[vocal]] music, and slowly expanded their length, weight and complexity.
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The change in Haydn's approach was important in the [[history of music]], as other composers soon were following his lead. Notably, Beethoven adopted the practice of taking his time and aiming high. As composers were gradually liberated from dependence on the aristocracy, Haydn's late mode of work became the norm in Classical composition.
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▲*Secondo la tradizione, le sue ultime parole sono state per tranquillizzare i suoi servitori durante il bombardamento su Vienna (1809) delle armate francesi.
▲*Uno dei passatempi in cui trovava sollievo negli ultimi anni era suonare ''Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser'' al pianoforte, un tema patriottico che aveva composto nel 1797. Successivamente, il tema venne usato come inno austriaco e tedesco, ed è attualmente l'inno nazionale della Germania.
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